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Object recognition in primates is mediated by the ventral visual pathway and is classically described as a feedforward hierarchy of increasingly sophisticated representations. Neurons in macaque monkey area V4, an intermediate stage along the ventral pathway, have been shown to exhibit selectivity to complex boundary conformation and invariance to spatial translation. How could such a represent...

Using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), we mapped the retinotopic organization throughout the visual cortex of fixating monkeys. The retinotopy observed in areas V1, V2, and V3 was completely consistent with the classical view. V1 and V3 were bordered rostrally by a vertical meridian representation, and V2 was bordered by a horizontal meridian. More anterior in occipital cortex, bot...

BACKGROUND The aims of this study were to analyze the anatomic variations of supraorbital foramina/notches in Koreans and to compare the results with those of previous studies examining other races. We evaluated the three-dimensional computed tomography (3D-CT) images of human faces using multidetector computed tomography (MDCT). METHODS A total of 395 adults (232 men and 163 women) were enro...

The corticocortical pathway from striate cortex into the temporal lobe plays a crucial role in the visual recognition of objects. Anatomical studies indicate that this pathway is mainly organized as a serial hierarchy of multiple visual areas, including V1, V2, V3, V4, and inferior temporal cortex (IT). As expected from the anatomy, we have found that neurons in V4 and IT, like those in V1 and ...

We have reported a case of triple mental foramina at the right side of the premolar region, which was discovered during reposition and ostheosynthesis of a mandible fracture. A review of the literature, was performed which disclosed no previous clinical cases reported but an incidence of 1.2% of triple foramina after investigating dry skulls or radiographics. The discussion stresses the importa...

The software package KANT V4 for computations in algebraic number elds is now available in version 4. In addition a new user interface has been released. We will outline the features of this new software package.

Four-vessel occlusion in rats was introduced approximately 10 years ago to provide a rodent model of reversible forebrain ischemia. The model presented several advantages, which included ease of preparation, a high rate of predictable ischemic neuronal damage, a low incidence of seizures, and the absence of anesthesia. However, two issues concerning the efficient use of the four-vessel occlusio...

Background: An opening into the bone shaft for passage of blood vessels to the medullary cavity of a bone for its nourishment and growth is called understanding of nutrient foramina in upper limb bones such as the humerus, radius and ulna. So the aim of present study was to record the location, number and direction of nutrient foramina in lon bones of the upper limb. Material and methods: A tot...

The importance of the fourth variable (V4) region of the human immunodeficiency virus 1 (HIV-1) envelope glycoprotein (Env) in virus infection has not been well clarified, though the polymorphism of this region has been found to be associated with disease progression to acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). In the present work, we focused on the correlation between HIV-1 gp120 V4 region po...