in order to promote and improve the quality of educational spaces and achieving a comprehensive statistics, evaluation and analysis of schools neglected in most iran’s schools,  while educational spaces play an important role in the social and cultural structure and population growing and schools as one of the most basic educational centers, study on this field is important. therefore, schools ...

T he main aim of this study is to investigate the impacts of population total, gross domestic product per capita, urbanization rate and energy use on carbon emissions in Nigeria for a period of 1981-2015 using autoregressive distributed lag approach to co-integration (ARDL). The empirical results revealed evidence of a long run relationship among the variables. The generalized ridge ...

Understanding determinants of urban health is of growing importance. Factors at multiple scales intertwine to influence health in cities but, with the growing autonomy of some cities from their countries, city population health may be becoming more a matter for city-level rather than national-level policy and action. We assess the importance of city, country, and macroregional (Western and East...

INTRODUCTION The prevalence of obesity is higher in rural than in urban areas of the United States, for reasons that are not well understood. We examined correlations between percentage of rural residents, commute times, food retail gap per capita, and body mass index (BMI) among North Carolina residents. METHODS We used 2000 census data to determine each county's percentage of rural resident...

The rapid development of urban ‘sprawl’ surrounding many North American cities has many potentially detrimental effects including enhanced energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions from increasing private vehicle use. Over the past 5 years in Canada a number of studies have been undertaken to address transportation-related energy consumption with the view to formulating relevant policies ...

Land use patterns affect the costs of providing public infrastructure and services such as roads, water, sewage, garbage collection, school transport and mail delivery. Various studies show that these costs tend to increase with sprawl (dispersed development outside existing urban boundaries), and can be reduced with Smart Growth (compact, planned development within existing urban boundaries). ...

People living in rural and remote regions of Australia are significantly over-represented in road transport-related fatality and injury figures. The costs of these events are also significantly higher than for similar injuries in urban communities. In Queensland in the year 2000, for example, the risk of dying (per capita) in a rural versus urban crash was 4.2 times higher, with costs 2-3 times...