The experience of Iranian-Islamic cities represents the role of mosques on physical and socialorganization in urban neighborhoods. It appears that this role has been changed during the contemporary era. The purpose of this paper is to examine the impact of social and cultural contexts on the performance of local mosques. The main question of this research is: “What is the relationship between s...

Despite the acknowledged importance and large scale of rural-urban migration in many developing countries, few studies have compared education outcomes of migrants to those for people born in the city. This paper uses recent data from Dhaka, Bangladesh, and Ho Chi Minh City and Hanoi, Vietnam, to examine educational expenditure and children’s grade attainment, with a focus on poor households. I...

Recent scholarship from political science, urban studies, and sociology conceptualizes the city as a space of decentralized democracy – a view emphasizing localization, participation, difference, and anti-hierarchical organizational form. Instead of conceiving the city as a place of atomized individuals and a locale for market exchange, this alternative framework recognizes the city‟s role as “...