With the development of photogrammetry, digital city, and metaverse, three-dimensional representation urban buildings has attracted more attention. As main form 3D building model, triangular mesh model deficiencies such as high complexity, data volume, low structural information, which seriously restrict its application in spatial analysis planning. This paper proposes a hybrid modeling strateg...

Laser mapping has become quite popular in recent days due to its capability of providing information directly in three dimensions. These days, we observe the emergence of new demands for ‘along-street’ 3-D data. ‘Along-street’ 3-D data provide a real or true visualization of the environment that is different from virtual reality. However, there still lacks a reliable and quick method of acquiri...

In recent years, automatic reconstruction, modeling and interpretation of urban environment and building structures is an area which gained interest. Urban environment’s modeling allows developing different applications such as: cultural and tourism information, urban planning, simulation for urban catastrophes, business development, and virtual reality. Five levels of detail (LoD) have been de...

Since the combined effects of the rapid urban growth and climate change, disasters such as blizzard, hurricane, earthquake and traffic jar occur in nearly every city frequently. Building an urban adaptive emergency evaluation index system is a global topic concerned by experts in recent years. It is also a top priority in current urban planning. This paper makes comprehensive research and analy...

Virtual 3D city models represent spatial and geo-referenced urban data by means of 3D geovirtual environments that basically include terrain models, building models, vegetation models as well as models of roads and transportation systems. In general, these models serve to present, explore, analyze, and manage urban data. As a characteristic element, virtual 3D city models allow for visually int...

Urban canopy models (UCMs) are being used as urban-climate prediction tools for different applications including outdoor thermal comfort and building energy consumption. To take advantage of their low computational cost, UCMs are often forced offline without being coupled to mesoscale atmospheric simulations, which requires access to meteorological information above the urban canopy layer. This...