in vivo microdialysis was used to study the effects of morphine on glutamate release from the ventral tegmentum area (vta) in freely moving rats. intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection of acute and repeated morphine at increasing doses significantly enhanced glutamate release. only a minor tolerance developed to this dosage of morphine. ap-s (2-amino-5-phosphonovaleric acid, 0.5 mg/kg i.p.), a nmda r...

RATIONALE AND OBJECTIVES A previous scan-regularized reconstruction (PSRR) method was proposed to reduce radiation dose and applied to lung perfusion studies. Normal and ultra-low-dose lung computed tomographic perfusion studies were compared in terms of the estimation accuracy of pulmonary functional parameters. MATERIALS AND METHODS A sequence of sheep lung scans were performed in three pro...

introduction: motor behavior and coordination impairment are known side effects of opioid treatment, yet very few studies have investigated the effects of tramadol on motor behavior, or compared its effect with the effect of an opioid. this study investigates the effects of chronic injection of morphine and tramadol on rat motor function during infancy. methods: neonate rats (n=56) were randoml...

This study was designed to investigate the effect of acute and chronic intrathecal (i.t.) injection of gabapentin (GBP) on the antinociceptive effect of morphine and tolerance development using a tail-flick latency test. Levels of excitatory amino acids (EAA) in i.t. CSF dialysates were also measured by high performance liquid chromatography. Male Wistar rats were implanted with either one or t...

introduction: pharmacological blockage of glial activity has been proved useful for treatment of neuropathic pain by lowering proinflammatory cytokines. the present study is to confirm the effect of post-injury administration of pentoxifylline on chronic constriction injury (cci)-induced neuropathic pain symptoms_ and improved the efficacy of morphine anti-nociception. methods: male wistar rats...

Ultra-low-dose opioid antagonists, when combined with opiates, increase the analgesic efficacy and duration of analgesia of the opiate. This enhanced and prolonged analgesia was recently demonstrated in a 350-patient Phase II clinical trial of Oxytrex, a novel drug candidate that combines oxycodone with an ultra-low dose of the opioid antagonist naltrexone. Extensive preclinical data also show ...