BACKGROUND AND AIMS Despite the widespread use of dwarfing rootstocks in the fruit-tree industry, their impact on tree architectural development and possible role in the within-tree balance between growth and flowering are still poorly understood, in particular during the early years of growth. The present study addressed this question in apple trees, through a detailed analysis of shoot popula...

Aim of study: Understanding the factors that control tree growth in successional stands is particularly important for quantifying the carbon sequestration potential and timber yield of secondary tropical forests. Understanding the factors that control tree growth in successional stands is particularly important for quantifying the carbon sequestration potential and timber yield of secondary tro...

Genetic programming trees have a strong tendency to grow rapidly and relatively independent of fitness, a serious flaw which has received considerable attention in the genetic programming literature. Much of this literature has implicated introns, subtree structures with no effect on the an individual’s fitness assessment. The propagation of inviable code, a certain kind of intron, has been esp...