Most transportation-related applications are developed for privately-owned cars. Some recent ones are devoted to public transportation, they show limitations in dealing with the following aspects: (i) people who use public transportation may change transportation means not only within the same type but also among different modes such as between buses and subways and (ii) the system should take ...

Many have pondered the potential impact of Mendel's work if Darwin had come across it in his lifetime. Darwin found difficulty with a blending inheritance and natural selection but a new letter suggests he was grappling with a more modern view. Nigel Williams reports.

Organisms modify and choose components of their local environments. This 'niche construction' can alter ecological processes, modify natural selection and contribute to inheritance through ecological legacies. Here, we propose that niche construction initiates and modifies the selection directly affecting the constructor, and on other species, in an orderly, directed and sustained manner. By de...