The wide deployment of wavelength-division multiplexing technology and new transmission techniques have resulted in significant increases in the transmission capacity in optical fibers, both in the number of wavelengths and the bandwidth of each wavelength channel. Meanwhile, the fast growth of the Internet demands more data switching capacity in the network in order to deliver high bandwidth t...

The optical switching time of twisted-nematic liquid-crystal cells using the liquid crystals, 5CB (C(5)H(11)-Ph-Ph-CN), 5OCB(C(5)H(11)-O-Ph-Ph-CN) and PCH5 (C(5)H(11)-Cy-Ph-CN) have been characterized as a function of temperature, bias voltage and switching voltage, V. The transition time from 90% to 10% transmission scales as V(-1.9) and is limited to 30 to 50 ns by the liquid-crystal breakdow...

Hybrid optical switching (HOS) has the potential to provide highly efficient operation through combining various switching paradigms and different implementation options within the same network. The flexibility of choosing between circuit, packet or burst switching and electronic or optical implementation results in an improvement of both energy and data transport efficiency because the most ap...

LSR (Label Switching Router)s in MPLS (MultiProtocol Label Switching) networks map arriving IP flows into some labels on Layer 2 switching fabric and establish LSP (Label Switching Path)s. By using LSPs, LSRs not only transmit IP datagrams fast with cut-through mechanism, but also solve traffic engineering issue to optimize the delay of some IP datagram flows. So far, we have analyzed the perfo...

the direct torque control (dtc) of interior permanent magnet synchronous motor (ipmsm) offers simple structure and fast torque response. the conventional switching table-based dtc (st-dtc) presents some disadvantages like high torque and flux ripple and also variable switching frequency. this paper investigates the improved st-dtc strategies to reduce both torque and flux ripple in dtc of ipmsm...

The combination of nonvolatile memory switching and volatile threshold switching functions of transition metal oxides in crossbar memory arrays is of great potential for replacing charge-based flash memory in very-large-scale integration. Here, we show that the resistive switching material structure, (amorphous TiOx)/(Ag nanoparticles)/(polycrystalline TiOx), fabricated on the textured-FTO subs...

An all-OPS network architecture displays a very attractive prospect for the future highly flexible optical transport networks. However, due to a variety of technical challenges, there is still a long way to go to accomplish a mature realization of an OPS network that is ready for practical deployments. Optoelectronic packet switching alleviates the implementation difficult to some degree, but a...

This paper presents the problem of finding the minimum cost dispatch and commitment of power generation units in a transmission network with active switching. We use the term active switching to denote the use of switches to optimize network topology in an operational context. We propose a Dantzig-Wolfe reformulation and a novel column generation framework to solve the problem efficiently. Prel...

Excited state lifetimes of C60/toluene solution and C60 films macromolecular were measured by pump-probe method. Relation between optical switching effect of material and pulse width of pumping field is briefly described. It is found that the faster switching speed of light is, the triplet state lifetime is shorter. A He-Ne laser, as a probe, passed through the sample in the pump-probe experime...

Photonic burst switching (PBS) architecture with variable time slot provisioning supporting high-speed bursty data transmission within optical enterprise networks is presented as follows: First, the edge and switching node architecture for in-band and out-of-band signaling is defined. Second, we introduce: I) a generalized multiprotocol label switching (GMPLS) based PBS software architecture in...