Mucosal surfaces, such as the lung and intestine, are lined by a monolayer of epithelia that provides tissue barrier and transport function. It is recently appreciated that a common feature of inflammatory processes within the mucosa is hypoxia (so-called inflammatory hypoxia). Given the strong association between bacterial translocation and mucosal inflammatory disease, we hypothesized that in...

During protein synthesis, tRNA and mRNA are translocated from the A to P to E sites of the ribosome thus enabling the ribosome to translate one codon of mRNA after the other. Ribosome translocation along mRNA is induced by the universally conserved ribosome GTPase, elongation factor G (EF-G) in bacteria and elongation factor 2 (EF-2) in eukaryotes. Recent structural and single-molecule studies ...

We have previously shown that fully synthesized prepro-ct-factor (ppaF), the precursor for the yeast pheromone a-factor, can be transiocated posttranslationally across yeast rough microsomai (RM) membranes from a soluble, ribosome-free pool. We show here that this is not the case for translocation of ppctF across mammalian RM. Rather we found that a small amount of translocation of full-length ...

The steady state solutions of two mathematical models are used to evaluate Münch's pressure-flow hypothesis of phloem translocation. The models assume a continuous active loading and unloading of translocate but differ in the site of loading and unloading and the route of water to the sieve tube. The dimensions of the translocation system taken are the average observed values for sugar beet and...

The mass transfer rate of (14)C-sucrose translocation from sugar beet (Beta vulgaris, L.) leaves was measured over a range of net photosynthesis rates from 0 to 60 milligrams of CO(2) decimeters(-2) hour(-1) under varying conditions of light intensity, CO(2) concentration, and O(2) concentration. The resulting rate of translocation of labeled photosynthate into total sink tissue was a linear fu...

The translocation step of protein elongation entails a large-scale rearrangement of the tRNA-mRNA-ribosome complex. Recent years have seen major advances in unraveling the mechanism of the process on the molecular level. A number of intermediate states have been defined and, in part, characterized structurally. The article reviews the recent evidence that suggests a dynamic role of the ribosome...

We have previously shown that fully synthesized prepro-alpha-factor (pp alpha F), the precursor for the yeast pheromone alpha-factor, can be translocated posttranslationally across yeast rough microsomal (RM) membranes from a soluble, ribosome-free pool. We show here that this is not the case for translocation of pp alpha F across mammalian RM. Rather we found that a small amount of translocati...

hydroponic experiments were performed to exam the dynamic change of endogenous proline in rice seedlings exposed to potassium chromate chromium (vi) or chromium nitrate chromium (iii). although accumulation of both chromium species in rice seedlings was obvious, more chromium was detected in plant tissues of rice seedlings exposed to chromium (iii) than those in chromium (vi), majority being in...

G-protein βγ subunits translocate reversibly from the plasma membrane to internal membranes on receptor activation. Translocation rates differ depending on the γ subunit type. There is limited understanding of the role of the differential rates of Gβγ translocation in modulating signaling dynamics in a cell. Bifurcation analysis of the calcium oscillatory network structure predicts that the tra...