Using linearized superfields, R 4 terms in the Type II superstring effective action com-pactified on T 2 are constructed as integrals in N=2 D=8 superspace. The structure of these superspace integrals allows a simple proof of the R 4 non-renormalization theorems

The intent of this focused clinical review is to assess the current literature on a variety of complementary and alternative medicine treatments for osteoarthritis. This review assesses acupuncture techniques, moxibustion, transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation, low-level laser therapy, and massage. These treatment methods are growing in popularity among the general public. It is important...

conclusions both tens and prf lumbar sympathectomy are promising pain relief treatments for painful dnp. however, prf lumbar sympathectomy seems to have a superior efficacy. further studies with a larger sample size and a longer follow-up period are needed. background painful diabetic peripheral neuropathy (dpn) is a long-term complication of type 1 and type 2 diabetes that majorly impacts qual...

narcotics, have been utilized in the postoperative period in an attempt to provide adequate analgesia. Patients undergoing intrathoracic or intraabdominal procedures or both have been treated with intercostal block therapy, transcutaneous electrical nerve stiinulation, or cryotherapy. Spinal narcotics and patientcontrolled narcotic analgesia have also been used to treat postoperative pain. Each...

93 Received August 19, 2013; revised and accepted September 18, 2013. Published online October 5, 2013; doi: 10.1620/tjem.231.93. *These authors are equally contributed to this study. Correspondence: Hwi-young Cho, Department of Physical Therapy, College of Health Science, Gachon University, 191, Hambangmoero, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon 406-799, South Korea. e-mail address: [email protected] Task-R...

Lack of neural innervation due to neurological damage renders muscle unable to produce force. Use of electrical stimulation is a medium in which investigators have tried to find a way to restore movement and the ability to perform activities of daily living. Different methods of applying electrical current to modify neuromuscular activity are electrical stimulation (ES), neuromuscular electrica...

1. The history of electrical therapy and TENS 2. An overview of the pathophysiology of pain 3. Physiological principles of TENS 4. Electronic and electrode principles 5. A review of experimental studies involving pain and TENS 6. A review of clinical studies concerning the effectiveness of TENS 7. Clinical guidance for the optimal application of TENS plus five case studies 8. The non analgesic ...