We extend the traditional notion of specification based on theories and interpretations between theories to model situations, typical of open, reactive systems, in which properties exhibited locally by an object no longer hold when that object is interconnected as a component of a larger system. The proposed notion of specification is based on the observation, due to Winskel, that while some as...

Linearization-based HPSG theories are widely used for analyzing languages with relatively free constituent order. This paper introduces the Generalized ID/LP (GIDLP) grammar format, which supports a direct encoding of such theories, and discusses key aspects of a parser that makes use of the dominance, precedence, and linearization domain information explicitly encoded in this grammar format. W...

Scalar implicatures are traditionally viewed as pragmatic inferences which result from a reasoning about speakers’ communicative intentions (Grice 1989). This view has been challenged in recent years by theories which propose that scalar implicatures are a grammatical phenomenon. Such theories claim that scalar implicatures can be computed in embedded positions and enter into the recursive comp...

Is it possible to talk about God without either misrepresentation or failing to assert anything of significance? The article begins by reviewing how, in attempting to answer this question, traditional theories of religious language have failed to sidestep both potential pitfalls adequately. After arguing that recently developed theories of metaphor seem better able to shed light on the nature o...

The close analogy between geometrical optics and the classical theories of charged-particle beam optics have been known for a very long time. In recent years, quantum theories of charged-particle beam optics have been presented with the very expected feature of wavelengthdependent effects. With the current development of non-traditional prescriptions of Helmholtz and Maxwell optics respectively...

In the last thirty years, a relatively large group of cognitive scientists have begun characterising the mind in terms of two distinct, relatively autonomous systems. To account for paradoxes in empirical results of studies mainly on reasoning, Dual Process Theories were developed. Such Dual Process Theories generally agree that System 1 is rapid, automatic, parallel, and heuristic-based and Sy...

Significant progress has been made in the past year in developing new 'MHV' techniques for calculating multiparticle scattering amplitudes in Yang-Mills gauge theories. Most of the work so far has focussed on applications to Quantum Chromodynamics, both at tree and one-loop level. We show how such techniques can also be applied to abelian theories such as QED, by studying the simplest tree-leve...

Based on traditional theories of interpersonal relationship development and on the hyperpersonal communication theory, this study examined predictors of relationship satisfaction for individuals involved in online romantic relationships. One hundredfourteen individuals (N1⁄4114) involved in online romantic relationships, and who had only engaged in computer-mediated communication (CMC) with the...

Traditional, theories of sentence construction, focus entirely on the mechanisms by which the parts of a sentence combine. In the Minimalist Program, and its close cousins Combinatory Categorial Grammar and Lexical Tree Adjoining Grammar, this is taken to its logical extreme, with some versions of Minimalism pushing the entirety of the generative mechanism onto combinatory properties of individ...

Satisfiability Modulo Constraint Handling Rules (SMCHR) is the integration of the Constraint Handling Rules (CHRs) solver programming language into a Satisfiability Modulo Theories (SMT) solver framework. Constraint solvers are implemented in CHR as a set of high-level rules that specify the simplification (rewriting) and constraint propagation behavior. The traditional CHR execution algorithm ...