This article reviews the performance of the World Trade Organization in the oversight of national regulatory decisions affecting agricultural and food trade. A picture emerges of modest international disciplines on the regulatory decisions of sovereign nations and the need for ongoing improvements. A road map to regulations is presented and empirical assessments of the effects of technical regu...

We study how the sequential formation of free trade areas affects trade flows between member countries. In a three–country, three–good model of comparative advantage if two countries have an FTA, and both sign a similar agreement with the third, trade between the two decreases. However, if only one of them signs an additional FTA, a huband-spoke pattern arises, and trade between the initial mem...

We use the HOSV model of trade to find out a link between corruption and the pattern of trade, not just its effect on the volume of trade. We prove that greater corruption in labor-abundant countries will restrict the volume of world trade while corrupt capital-abundant countries promote trade. This is caused by intermediaries who are engaged in mitigating the transaction cost of corruption. Re...

This paper infers the terms of trade effects of Free Trade Agreements (FTAs) implemented in the 1990s. We estimate large FTA effects on bilateral trade volume in 2 digit manufacturing goods from 1990-2002, using panel data gravity methods to resolve two way causality. The terms of trade changes implied by these volume effects are deduced for 40 countries plus a rest-of-the-world aggregate using...

Brazil’s trade liberalization between 1990 and 1993, and its partial reversal in 1995, are used to study how trade affects productivity. The production function of Brazilian manufacturers is estimated at the SIC two-digit level under an extension of Olley and Pakes’ (1996) three-step procedure. Firm-level productivity is inferred and then related to trade in a causal analysis. Findings suggest ...

the main objective of this paper is to study the relationship between the energy consumption (energy use intensity), economic growth, and co2 emission in iran. to that end, we use time series data of iran during 1967–2004. in order to examine the long-run relationship among these variables, the johanson-juselius cointegration method is used along with vecm. the main finding of this study shows ...

this paper is analysing the role of economic reforms on the labour market in iranian industry in economic reform period (1990-2005), and in turn, it is comparing it with closed economic period (1979-1989). in order to do the above comparative analysis, the manufacturing industry has been categorized based on hecksher-ohlin and gause methodology. accordingly, we have some industrial groups, incl...

unemployment-inflation trade-off is known as philips curve. this relationship was first defined for england economy by professor philips since 1958. much development has been submitted by different economic schools about this innovation. in this paper, apart from dealing with the new-keynesians philips curve, the curve mentioned is estimated for iranian economy. in addition, we are going to com...

this paper analyses the impact of sanctions against iran in addition to other country-specific determinants on intra-industry trade between iran and shanghai cooperation organization (sco) countries over the period 1997-2013. by disentangling total intra-industry trade (iit) into horizontal and vertical iit and after investigating bilateral trade pattern between iran and sco countries, determin...

This paper argues the widespread adoption of Just-in-Time (JIT) logistics provides a key to understanding the growth in the U.S. trade share. To do so, I develop a dynamic trade model based on the choice of the logistics technology used in a firm’s supply chain. The model’s predicted trade dynamics depend on how the set of firms using JIT with international suppliers changes over time. A numeri...