This chapter focuses on three widely used techniques for extraction of semivolatile organics from liquids: liquid–liquid extraction (LLE), solid-phase extraction (SPE), and solid-phase microextraction (SPME). Other techniques may be useful in selected circumstances, but these three techniques have become the extraction methods of choice for research and commercial analytical laboratories. A fou...

(28 mg, 24 µmol) was dissolved in a mixture of ethanol (2 mL) and water (1 mL). Pd/C 10% (12 mg) was added and the solution was stirred. Vacuum and H 2 were alternated and the mixture was allowed to stir under H 2 overnight. The mixture was filtered off through Celite and concentrated. The residue was dissolved in water and filtered through a 0.45 µm syringe filter and concentrated. The residue...

Iron (III) oxides are ubiquitous in near-surface soils and sediments and interact strongly with dissolved phosphates via sorption, co-precipitation, mineral transformation and redox-cycling reactions. Iron oxide phases are thus, an important reservoir for dissolved phosphate, and phosphate bound to iron oxides may reflect dissolved phosphate sources as well as carry a history of the biogeochemi...

A comparative study on the water quality of interstitial two creeks in Rivers State was conducted. Temperature, pH, Conductivity, Dissolved oxygen, biochemical oxygen demand, Salinity, and Total dissolved solid were checked with an in-situ hand-held multi-meter (The EZODO Multi-meter). (DO) measured a Milwaukee meter while Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) determined by 5-day BOD test (APHA, 2005...

A reactive transport model based on one-dimensional transport and equilibrium chemistry is applied to synoptic data from an acid mine drainage stream. Model inputs include streamflow estimates based on tracer dilution, inflow chemistry based on synoptic sampling, and equilibrium constants describing acid/base, complexation, precipitation/dissolution, and sorption reactions. The dominant feature...

Following basin-wide contamination from industrial emissions and urban development, total dissolved copper concentrations in some regions of San Francisco Bay have exceeded national and state guidelines for water quality. In the face of dramatic improvements in wastewater treatment and point source control, persisting elevated dissolved copper concentrations in the Bay have prompted multiple st...