Somale has outlined the geographical boundaries of Ramanathapuram district by highlighting topography mentioned Tholkappiyam. He also listed industries carried out in their respective areas according to topography. Based on this, this article examines occupations 50 years ago. Depending factors such as a country's location, climate, natural resources, etc., industries, associated needs, and pro...

River topography is famously fractal, and the fractality of the sediment bed surface can produce scaling in solute residence time distributions. Empirical evidence showing the relationship between fractal bed topography and scaling of hyporheic travel times is still lacking. We performed experiments to make highresolution observations of streambed topography and solute transport over naturally ...

In mantle convection models, the top surface is traditionally approximated as a freeslip boundary, and the dynamic topography is obtained by assuming that the normal stress on the free-slip boundary is compensated instantaneously through surface deformation. It has already been shown that this approximation is valid for longwavelength topography. Based on both viscous and viscoelastic models wi...

The weakly nonlinear dynamics of quasi-geostrophic flows over a one-dimensional, periodic or random, small-scale topography is investigated using an asymptotic approach. Averaged (or homogenised) evolution equations which account for the flow-topography interaction are derived for both barotropic and continuously stratified geostrophic fluids. The scaling assumptions are detailed in each case; ...