Sophisticated tongue movements contribute to speech and mastication. These movements are regulated by communication between the bilateral cortex and each tongue side. The functional connection between the cortex and tongue was investigated using oscillatory interactions between whole-head magnetoencephalographic (MEG) signals and electromyographic (EMG) signals from both tongue sides during hum...

The muscular-hydrostat model of tongue function proposes a constant interaction of extrinsic (external bony attachment, insertion into base of tongue) and intrinsic (origin and insertion within the tongue) tongue muscles in all tongue movements (22). Yet, research that examines the respiratory-related effects of tongue function in mammals continues to focus almost exclusively on the respiratory...

We investigated the role of the cerebral cortex, particularly the face/tongue area of the primary sensorimotor (SMI) cortex (face/tongue) and supplementary motor area (SMA), in volitional swallowing by recording movement-related cortical potentials (MRCPs). MRCPs with swallowing and tongue protrusion were recorded from scalp electrodes in eight normal right-handed subjects and from implanted su...

The muscular-hydrostat model of tongue function proposes a constant interaction of extrinsic (external bony attachment, insertion into base of tongue) and intrinsic (origin and insertion within the tongue) tongue muscles in all tongue movements (Kier WM and Smith KK. Zool J Linn Soc 83: 207-324, 1985). Yet, research that examines the respiratory-related effects of tongue function in mammals con...

Superficial transient discoloration of the dorsum of the tongue may be caused by some foods, beverages and drugs (such as iron salts, bismuth, chlorhexidine, lansoprazole, amoxicillin, clarithromycin). When such discoloration noticeably affects the posterior dorsum of the tongue with longer filiform papillae and stained dark brown or black, the term ‘black hairy tongue’ is used. Black tongue (l...

Tongue diagnosis in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) assesses the health by investigation of tongue coating. The science and technology of tongue coating analysis have become a significant issue for modernization of TCM. The relationship between microecology of tongue coating and TCM was relevant to the syndrome differentiation in TCM, such as the cold/hot syndrome may exhibit different speci...

Tongue body segmentation is a prerequisite to tongue image analysis and has recently received considerable attention. The existing tongue body segmentation methods usually involve two key steps: edge detection and active contour model (ACM)-based segmentation. However, conventional edge detectors cannot faithfully detect the contour of the tongue body, and the initialization of ACM suffers from...

Tongue diagnosis is a unique method in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM). This is the first investigation on the association between traditional tongue diagnosis and the tongue coating microbiome using next-generation sequencing. The study included 19 gastritis patients with a typical white-greasy or yellow-dense tongue coating corresponding to TCM Cold or Hot Syndrome respectively, as well as...

introduction: this survey was undertaken to assess self-reported oral health behaviour, oral and systemic conditions among functionally independent population in talash, north of iran. the question is whether there are any relationships between these variables. materials and methods: a total of 203 elderly subjects enrolled in this study 125 (61.5%) were males and 78 (38.4%) were females. all s...

The purpose of the present study was to investigate whether or not sensory input from the tongue affects deglutitive tongue movement. Subjects were seven healthy volunteers with anesthetic applied to the surface of the tongue (surface group) and seven healthy volunteers with the lingual nerve blocked by anesthetic (blocked group). We established six stages in deglutition and analyzed deglutitiv...