Thermally activated chemical vapor-phase etching of titanium nitride (TiN) is studied by utilizing either alternate exposures niobium pentafluoride (NbF5) and carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) or using CCl4 alone. Nitrogen (N2) gas purge steps are carried out in between every reactant exposure. Titanium etched a non-self-limiting way NbF5–CCl4 based binary chemistry at temperatures 370 460 °C. Spectr...

In this study, we used the electrochemical anodization to prepare TiO2 nanotube arrays and applied them on the photoelectrode of dye-sensitized solar cells. In the field emission scanning electron microscopy analysis, the lengths of TiO2 nanotube arrays prepared by electrochemical anodization can be obtained with approximately 10 to 30 μm. After titanium tetrachloride (TiCl4) treatment, the wal...

Structural analyses were performed to determine the local structure of liquid TiCl4 using laboratory-scale X-ray diffraction and Raman spectroscopy from which the existence of tetrahedral TiCl4 molecules in the liquid was definitely confirmed. Conventionally, in molten salts, the valence increase of the central metal ion, for example in the range from 1 to 3, leads to more complicated liquid st...

The binary-encounter-Bethe (BEB) theory has been successful for computing electron-impact ionization cross sections of many molecules. For molecules that contain heavy atoms (defined here as atoms with valence principal quantum number n > 2), there are two alternative BEB procedures in the literature. The first involves a kinetic-energy correction for molecular orbitals that are dominated by at...

This paper remarks the general correlations of the shape and crystallinity of titanium dioxide (TiO₂) support on gold deposition and carbon monoxide (CO) oxidation. It was found that due to the larger rutile TiO₂ particles and thus the pore volume, the deposited gold particles tended to agglomerate, resulting in smaller catalyst surface area and limited gold loading, whilst anatase TiO₂ enabled...

Part I: The synthesis of 2-vinylindole, the parent of 2-alkenylindoles, has been achieved in three steps (70-76% yield) based on a novel allene cyclization developed in our laboratory. 2-Alkenylindoles have found use as precursors to indole and carbazole alkaloids via the Diels-Alder reaction. The key step of the synthesis involves isomerization of an arylacetylenecarbamate to an arylallenecarb...

The luminescent capability of graphene quantum dots (GQDs) was investigated and compared with that of carbon nanodots (C-dots) obtained from the same functionalization process. It was found that the optical gain of GQDs is higher than that of C-dots due to their geometrical advantages such as larger surface area to volume ratio and smaller volume. Under optical excitation at 266 nm, lasing emis...