This paper introduces a formal model of the distributed commit protocols in the process algebra mCRL2 and also their general requirements in the modal μ-calculus. We show how to make straightforward models of protocols and by doing so, how it becomes easy to identify problems. We apply this to the well-known Two-Phase Commit Protocol (2PC) and prove it problematic for single site failure. We al...

In visualizing transparent biological cells and tissues, the phase contrast microscope and its related techniques have been a cornerstone of nearly every cell biology laboratory. However, phase contrast methods are inherently qualitative and lack in 3-D imaging capability. We introduce a novel tomographic microscopy for quantitative three-dimensional mapping of refractive index in live cells an...

An early recovery protocol that was investigated at length and is currently implemented in most commercial Distributed Database Management System products is the two-phase commit protocol. However, there is one main drawback in using this, namely blocking, that is, operational sites having to wait for the recovery of a failed site in order to complete a transaction. The two-phase commit protoco...

With increasing interest in applications which benefit from distributed computing paradigm and require at the same time to operate on data from heterogeneous data sources there is an increasing desire for commit protocols which can suit such systems. Well known two-phase commit protocol and three-phase commit protocol or its modifications do not provide flexibility which is desired for wide are...

The ground reaction curve (GRC) is a vital component of the convergence-confinement method, which possesses many applications in the underground space designs. It defines a relation between the tunnel wall deformations and the ground pressure acting on the tunnel walls. Generally, GRC includes descending and ascending branches. According to many researchers, the descending branch trend for the ...

in this paper, a finite element model is developed for the fully hydro-mechanical analysis of hydraulic fracturing in partially saturated porous media. the model is derived from the framework of generalized biot theory. the fracture propagation is governed by a cohesive fracture model. the flow within the fracture zone is modeled by the lubrication equation. the displacement of solid phase, and...