I examine two kinds of arguments in favour of imposing restrictions on smoking by hospitalised psychiatric patients. First, I look at patient-centered arguments in favour of restrictions. These arguments focus on the benefits that patients will receive if their smoking is stopped or curtailed. Second, I examine arguments that seek to justify restrictions by citing the costs that smokers impose ...

Schools are an important arena for smoking prevention. In many countries, smoking rates have been reduced among adolescents, but the use of smokeless tobacco is on the rise in some of these countries. We aimed to study the associations between schools' restrictions on smoking and snus and on the use of these tobacco products among students in upper secondary school. We employed data from a nati...

in the past decade, paying attention to the vertical fliers has been noted by most of the scientist and researchers, because of their exclusive features. The special capabilities of these, reducing radar identifier, low risk for human life, no restrictions on size and uses such as photography, survey, press coverage, checking, power lines, meteorological analysis, traffic, monitoring, in urban ...

This paper applies network connectivity analysis to mechanical assemblies. Assemblies have extensive intentional structure while simultaneously displaying some of the properties of previously analyzed networks. Fundamental principles impose restrictions on the structure of assemblies, as do some practical principles. Fundamental restrictions stem from the desire to avoid over-constraining the a...

the non-differentiability and implicit definition of boundary of production possibility set (pps) in data envelopment analysis (dea) are two important difficulties for obtaining directional characteristics, including different elasticity measures and marginal rates of substitution. also, imposing weight restrictions in dea models have some shortcomings and misunderstandings. in this paper we ut...

We investigate how different learning restrictions reduce learning power and how the different restrictions relate to one another. We give a complete map for nine different restrictions both for the cases of complete information learning and set-driven learning. This completes the picture for these well-studied delayable learning restrictions. A further insight is gained by different characteri...

The purpose of this paper is to discuss the extent to which allowing for individuals to be indifferent among alternatives may alter the qualitative results that are obtained in social choice theory when domain restrictions are defined on profiles of linear orders. The general message is that indifferences require attention and careful treatment, because the translation of results from a world w...

closed families of sets. Poonen showed that if a finite union-closed family of sets S contains three of the 3−sets in some 4−set, then one of the elements of that 4−set is contained in at least half the members of the family S. This condition intrigued us, and we began to investigate collections of 3−sets for which it fails. The alternative statement that no 4−set contain more than two 3−sets i...

A non–linear diffusion equation is derived by taking into account hopping rates depending on the occupation of next neighbouring sites. There appears additonal repulsive and attractive forces leading to a changed local mobiltiy. The stationary and the time dependent behaviour of the system are studied based upon the master equation approach. Different to conventional diffusion it results a time...