“Africans in Guangzhou/China” seems to have become a buzzword in international studies and China studies in the last decade. While there has been a large body of academic papers on Africans in Guangzhou, they described the daily lives of Africans with a common assumption that Africans are “immigrants.” This perception is at odds with the Chinese legal system and Africans’ self-definition. Based...

the sciences of syntax, reading, and interpretation are among the literary arts that are made by clerics for understanding the word of god (kalāmollāh) from various viewpoints, and from which a collection of 30 scientific disciplines called quranic literature developed. at the top of these sciences is “using diacritical marks in quran” which is extremely important. in this area, many noted scho...

al-shanfarā (6th century bc) with a group of poets such as taabbata sharran (“he who has put evil in his armpit”) are among the best known of the sulūk (“brigand”) poets. shanfarā was depicted as living a life of solitude and hardship based on the looting and plundering. shanfarā has two long and famous odes. one of them is tāeiyeh and the other is lāmiyyatu'l arab. lāmiyyatu'l arab i...

Mental and somatic illnesses have historicallybeen treated as separate domains. It is increasingly appar-ent, however, that disorders of the mind arise directlyfrom disorders of the brain. This insight raises the diffi -cult problem of identifying the biological mechanisms ofpsychiatric disease and of using this knowledge to developbetter diagnostic frameworks and treatm...

Iodinated contrast agents are usually classified based upon their osmolality--high, low, and isosmolar. Iodinated contrast agents are also nephrotoxic in some but not all patients resulting in loss of glomerular filtration rate. Over the past 30 years, nephrotoxicity has been linked to osmolality although the precise mechanism underlying such a link has been elusive. Improvements in our underst...