Debates about poverty relief and foreign aid often hinge on claims about how many poor people there are in the world and what constitutes poverty. Good measures of poverty are essential for addressing the world poverty problem. Measures of poverty require a basis for determining who is poor and a method of aggregation. Historically, the methods of aggregation were quite simple. The headcount in...

iv 1 Components of Reliability and U 1 2 Relative Utility Index Ur for Composite Scores 4 3 Estimating Ur for Raw Scores and Ũr for Scale Scores 5 3.1 Raw Scores . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 3.2 Scale Scores . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 3.2.1 Variance of T ̃ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 X 3.2.2 Covariance of T...

This paper studies a general notion of flatness in the enriched context: P-flatness where the parameter P stands for a class of presheaves. One obtains a completion of a category A by considering the category F latP(A) of P-flat presheaves over A. This completion is related to the free cocompletion under a class of colimits defined by Kelly. We define a notion of Q-accessible categories for a f...

The fourth party logistics which acts as a new role will increasingly play more and more important functions. In this paper, for a given deformation problems of 4PL providers’ evaluation, We builds up a fourth party logistics evaluating indicator system based on four factors, which are quality, technical abilities, collaboration and price. Besides, we studies the analysis methods of grey correl...

To determine the accuracy of subject and author indexes in five anaesthesia journals we examined all 1989 and 1991 volumes of Anesthesia and Analgesia, Anesthesiology, British Journal of Anaesthesia, Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia and European Journal of Anaesthesiology, and counted the number of entries and the number of errors in both indexes. The number of errors was expressed as a percenta...

Pre-computation, clustering and indexing are common techniques to speed up query processing. Precomputation results in the best query response time at the expense of load performance and secondary storage space. For data warehousing (DW) applications, pre-computation is mostly discussed for aggregation operations [CD97]. Indexing is used to efficiently process a query if the result set defined ...

PURPOSE In the middle-aged, it has been shown that moderate physical activity is associated with increased global HR variability (HRV) and vagal-related HRV indexes. However, the relative effect of quantity and intensity of physical activity on HRV is still unknown. The purpose of this study was to compare HRV indexes in three groups of subjects presenting different long-term physical activity ...