the present paper investigates into one of the important subject in mystic conduct i.e. panoramic journey within mystical texts up to hegira 7th century (14th ad century). after purposing an introduction about this journey, author deals with definition of (mystic) conduct and wayfaring and history of journey in quran and islamic traditions (hadith) and explained them briefly. the author has als...

It was not until the 17th century, when the French mathematician Blaise Pascal developed mathematical ways of dealing with the games of chance used for gambling, that a science for dealing quantitatively with varying observations started to emerge. Whereas in games of chance these mathematical approaches allowed one to determine the value of possible gambles, it turned out they also allowed one...

History never feels so true as when told by those having experienced it themselves. By chance we found the diary of a doctor, living around the turn of the 17th century. Dr Michiel Korsten was born in 1666 in a small Flemish village and kept a diary from 1702 until his death in 1732 at age 66. You will look in vain for intellectual contents in his notes. In contrast, this “bourgeois” man descri...

The archival documents of San Luca Hospital, which has long been the most important welfarist institution of the Republic of Lucca (Tuscany), are stored in the Record Offices of Lucca. The hospital was served by a pharmacy, where the medicaments were prepared for patients and for the needs of other institutions in the city. Three different inventories, dating back to 1719, 1749 and 1784, report...

The art of wax modelling has an ancient origin but rose to prominence in 14th century Italy with the cult of votive artefacts. With the advent of Neoclassicism this art, now deemed repulsive, continued to survive in a scientific environment, where it flourished in the study of normal and pathological anatomy, obstetrics, zoology and botany. The achievement of having originated the creation of a...

The "zograscope" is a "visual aid" (commonly known as "optical machine" in the 18th century) invented in the mid-18th century, and in general use until the early 20th century. It was intended to view single pictures (thus not stereographic pairs) with both eyes. The optics approximately eliminates the physiological cues (binocular disparity, vergence, accommodation, movement parallax, and image...

Many high minded, improving physicians in 18th century England became convinced that the physician's vocation went beyond the merely clinical. It was the doctor's duty (they argued) not merely to attend individual patients but to address the ills of society at large. As Christopher Booth has shown so well, energetic figures such as John Fothergill, John Haygarth, and John Coakley Lettsom, fired...

The unusually long 4th solar cycle has recently been proposed by Usoskin et al. (2001) to be composed of two cycles. They argue that a weak and short cycle might have been lost in sparse sunspot data at the end of the 18th century. Here we check this hypothesis in different ways. First, we consider the sunspot number record in greater detail and compare in a statistical sense the sunspot observ...

Kant lectured on anthropology for nearly 25 years, from 1772 until he retired in 1796. He subsequently went over his lecture notes for publication, and the resulting book—the last published under his supervision, in 1798—is presented here in translation, with a helpful introduction and explanatory notes. The lectures touched on many aspects of human cognition and behavior, including topics Kant...