In this paper we propose a general method for the combination of specialized textual entailment engines. Each engine is supposed to address a specific language phenomenon, which is considered relevant for drawing semantic inferences. The model is based on the idea that the distance between the Text and the Hypothesis can be conveniently decomposed into a combination of distances estimated by si...

To make legal texts machine processable, the texts may be represented as linked documents, semantically tagged text, or translated to formal representations that can be automatically reasoned with. The paper considers the latter, which is key to testing consistency of laws, drawing inferences, and providing explanations relative to input. To translate laws to a form that can be reasoned with by...

Whether taxometrics yields inferential knowledge to something latent is partly but not wholly a semantic question. Although the single variables are manifest indicator scores of individuals, the statistics computed from them via postulates of the formalism are not mere data summaries and will be incorrect or meaningless if the structural conjectures are false. The unidirectional derivability fr...

Combined with the author's lucid writing style and the intimate portraits ofthose individuals described in the text, the present work presents some fascinating insights into our understanding ofthe stress-disease connection. The book's most debilitating weakness comes from the heavy reliance on one-sided case-report and anecdotal data in many of Mate's inferences and conclusions. Presenting dat...

In natural )a~gnage, as in other computational task domains it is impox~ant tc~ operate by default assumptions. First, m~my constraints re(tni~'exl h)r constraint propagation are initially tmspecified, Second, in highly ambiguous tasks such as text analysis, ambiguity can be reduced by considering more plansi-. hie scenarios first. Default reasoning is problematic for firstorder logic when allo...

College and Career Readiness Anchor Standards for Reading KEY IDEAS AND DETAILS 1. Read closely to determine what the text says explicitly and to make logical inferences from it; cite specific textual evidence when writing or speaking to support conclusions drawn from the text. 2. Determine central ideas or themes of a text and analyze their development; summarize the key supporting details and...

The mathematical approach to understand the genetic impact on human behavior, e.g., using game theory, tends to assume that evolution creates optimal fitness. However, evolution does not necessarily create optimal behavioral patterns, particularly not when the environment is rapidly changing. Consequently some of the inferences based on game theory are misleading. More specifically, certain asp...

Legislation and regulations are expressed in natural language. Machine-readable forms of the texts may be represented as linked documents, semantically tagged text, or translation to a logic. The paper considers the latter form, which is key to testing consistency of laws, drawing inferences, and providing explanations relative to input. To translate laws to a machine-readable logic, sentences ...

Implicit opinions are commonly seen in opinion-oriented documents, such as political editorials. Previous work have utilized opinion inference rules to detect implicit opinions evoked by events that positively/negatively affect entities (goodFor/badFor) to improve sentiment analysis for English text. Since people in different languages may express implicit opinions in different ways, in this wo...

ion is a gifted capability of human beings. Abstraction is a basic cognitive process of the brain at the meta cognitive layer according to the Layered Reference Model of the Brain (LRMB) (Wang, 2003a, 2007c; Wang, Liu, & Wang, 2003, 2006). Only by abstraction can important theorems and laws about the objects under study be elicited and discovered from a great variety of phenomena and empirical ...