Outcome bias occurs when an evaluator considers ex-post outcomes when judging whether a choice was correct, ex-ante. We formalize this cognitive bias in a simple model of distorted Bayesian updating. We then examine strategy changes made by professional football coaches. We find they are more likely to revise their strategy after a loss than a win — even for narrow losses, which are uninformati...

In deductive reasoning, believable conclusions are more likely to be accepted regardless of their validity. Although many theories argue that this belief bias reflects a change in the quality of reasoning, distinguishing qualitative changes from simple response biases can be difficult (Dube, Rotello, & Heit, 2010). We introduced a novel procedure that controls for response bias. In Experiments ...

aim: the purpose of this study was to compare the attention bias about tempting incentives related to opium materials in treated, addicted and normal people. duration of consumption and treating were also considered. method: in this causal-comparative study population was all addicted people who were referred to the rehabilitation offices, addiction treatment clinic, rebirthing centers and narc...

• We created learning interactions with white instructors and black or white learners. • Instructors’ implicit bias predicted black, but not white, learner test performance. • This effect was mediated by coder-rated instructor anxiety and lesson quality. • New participants watched video of the cross-race lessons to test lesson quality. • Instructors’ implicit bias also predicted test performanc...

we are interested the article by niknejadi et al. (1) highly scientific and provocative however there seem to be a lack of clarity on some of the methodological issues; 1. in the materials and methods section, it was mentioned that: “in cases that had normal endometrial findings on transvaginal sonography (tvs), a hysteroscopy was not scheduled due to ethical considerations” whereas in the resu...