Because there is no 'ideal' method for the complete correction of some of the more complex congenital cardiac abnormalities, a technique of making a composite graft of autologous fascia lata has been developed. Three types of grafts are described, all of them being based on the same general principle. The composite graft comprises a conduit, which serves to enlarge or reconstruct the outflow tr...

Many forms of knee arthroplasty have been described but all are based on one of two principles. The first requires the interposition of material between the bony surfaces after removal of synovial membrane and articular cartilage ; in the second the knee joint is resected and replaced by a metal hinge (Walldius 1957, Shiers 1960). Material interposed between the bony surfaces has included chrom...

One-stage reconstruction of complex penile defects with functional and cosmetic results is a challenging procedure. The selection of proper technique and materials for reconstruction depends on the type of the deficient tissue components, the size of the wound surface, and the donor site. This article presented a case of a partial penile and urethral defect due to an infection in the previous s...

This paper presents the advantages in extending Classical Tensor Algebra (CTA), also known as Kronecker Algebra, to allow the definition of functions, i.e., functional dependencies among its operands. Such extended tensor algebra have been called Generalized Tensor Algebra (GTA). Stochastic Automata Networks (SAN) and Superposed Generalized Stochastic Petri Nets (SGSPN) formalisms use such Kron...

We study the effective energy-momentum tensor (EMT) for cosmological perturbations and formulate the gravitational back-reaction problem in a gauge invariant manner. We analyze the explicit expressions for the EMT in the cases of scalar metric fluctuations and of gravitational waves and derive the resulting equations of state. The formalism is applied to investigate the back-reaction effects in...