Contributions to the gas-to-liquid chemical shifts of water arising from the electric field gradient of the surrounding molecules have been calculated as a function of the temperature. Since the theoretical model is based on perturbation theory, this part of the chemical shift may be calculated from quadrupole shielding polarizabilities and statistical mechanical ensemble averages of external e...

Climate effects and human impacts, that is, nutrient enrichment, simultaneously drive spatial biodiversity patterns. However, there is little consensus about their independent effects on biodiversity. Here we manipulate nutrient enrichment in aquatic microcosms in subtropical and subarctic regions (China and Norway, respectively) to show clear segregation of bacterial species along temperature ...

Temperature is one of the key constraints on the spatial extent, physiological and phylogenetic diversity, and biogeochemical function of subsurface life. A model system to explore these interrelationships should offer a suitable range of geochemical regimes, carbon substrates and temperature gradients under which microbial life can generate energy and sustain itself. In this theory and hypothe...

A systematic study is made of the axial and transverse heat transport that arises when a microscopic temperature filament is generated, under controlled conditions, in a magnetized plasma of large dimensions. For early times and relatively small temperature gradients the study conclusively demonstrates the two-dimensional pattern characteristic of the classical theory based on Coulomb collision...

Many ectotherms exhibit striking latitudinal gradients in lifespan. However, it is unclear whether lifespan gradients in distantly related taxa share a common mechanistic explanation. We compiled data on geographic variation in lifespan in ectotherms from around the globe to determine how much of this intraspecific variation in lifespan may be explained by temperature using the simple predictio...

The direct conversion of solar energy to electricity can be broadly separated into two main categories: photovoltaics and thermal photovoltaics, where the former utilizes gradients in electrical potential and the latter thermal gradients. Conventional thermal photovoltaics has a high theoretical efficiency limit (84%) but in practice cannot be easily miniaturized and is limited by the engineeri...

Elastic materials whose local state depends upon the first and second order gradients of the deformation, the temperature, its gradient and the time rate of change of the temperature are studied according to an inequality proposed by Green and Laws. It is shown that in such materials either thermal disturbances can propagate with finite speed in the linear theory, and the constitutive quantitie...

The City and Borough of Juneau, Alaska, has several major avalanche paths located in close proximity to population centers and is routinely affected by avalanche activity. As a result, developing a better understanding of the snowpack conditions that lead to avalanche cycles is of great interest. This study investigates temperature and vapor pressure gradients associated with near-surface facet...

Fabry-Perot interferometer (FPI) measurements of thermospheric temperatures from the Doppler widths of the OI 630 nm nightglow emission line have been carried out at Cachoeira Paulista (23◦ S, 45◦ W, 16◦ S dip latitude), Brazil. The east-west components of the thermospheric temperatures obtained on 73 nights during the period from 1988 to 1992, primarily under quiet geomagnetic conditions, were...

At high temperature (greater than 40°C) endotherms experience reduced passive heat dissipation (radiation, conduction and convection) and increased reliance on evaporative heat loss. High temperatures challenge flying birds due to heat produced by wing muscles. Hummingbirds depend on flight for foraging, yet inhabit hot regions. We used infrared thermography to explore how lower passive heat di...