Motivated by the highly-unionized public sectors, the high public shares in total employment, and the public sector wage premia observed in Europe, this paper examines the importance of public sector unions for macroeconomic theory. The model generates cyclical behavior in hours and wages that is consistent with data behavior in an economy with highly-unionized public sector, namely Germany dur...

This paper examines how industrial policy – specifically tariff liberalization and tax subsidies – affects the magnitude and direction of FDI spillovers. We examine these spillover effects across the diverse ownership structure of China’s manufacturing sector for 1998 through 2007. We find that tariff reforms, particularly tariff reductions associated with China’s WTO ascension, increased the p...

In Nigeria, tax income collection has become a crucial policy goal for the government. The influence of reforms and digitalization on government in Nigeria is therefore investigated. study focuses evaluating distributional outcomes revenue both federal state revenues. An ex post facto research design was adopted descriptive inferential analysis hypothesized relationships performed. are analyzed...