This study evaluated the potency and rapidity of some anticholinergics (atropine, biperiden, and trihexyphenidyl) and benzodiazepines (diazepam and midazolam) as an anticonvulsant treatment against seizures induced by six nerve agents (tabun, sarin, soman, cyclosarin, VR, and VX) and summarized the relationship between anticonvulsant activity and nerve agent-induced lethality and neuropathology...

Although fragmentary, the rich collection of fossil pelvic remains from the Neandertal site of Krapina in Croatia shows much of the morphology long considered to be characteristic of Neandertals from elsewhere in Europe and the Levant. This includes a long superior pubic ramus that is vertically thin in cross-section and an anteriorly positioned iliac pillar. The condition of the fossil materia...

Basic mechanism of action of organophosphates (OP)/nerve agents is based on acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibition and subsequent accumulation of neuromediator acetylcholine at the cholinergic synapses, either peripheral or central, causing cholinergic hyperstimulation and development of symptoms of poisoning, followed by metabolic dysbalance and, without eff ective prophylaxis/treatment leadin...

Larry L. Needham, a strong scientist and a staunch advocate for the use of exposure science in public health, passed away on 23 October 2010 after a 2‑year battle with renal cell carcinoma. He will be remem‑ bered as a scientist with great vision who had the ability to develop and sustain impact‑ ful research programs that provided a strong underpinning for furthering exposure science. These pr...

On September 22, 1980 Iraqis attacked Iran's air bases and simultaneously entered Iran with six army divisions on three fronts and occupied a vast part of Iranian territories. At that time, Iraqis did not have chemical warfare. But in time, they began to develop an intensive research program to produce and store chemical weapons and used the war fields to test and perfect their chemical warfare...

H uman birthing is difficult owing to a tradeoff between large neonatal brain size and maternal pelvic dimensions, which are constrained by aspects of bipedal biomechanics (1, 2). The net effect is that human neonatal head size closely matches maternal pelvic dimensions, unlike in our closest living relatives, the great apes, whose pelvic dimensions are larger than neonatal head sizes. This siz...