Reducing N excretion from individual cows is one way among others to better cope with the problem of the negative contribution of the dairy herd to the “Nitrogen cycle” on the farm. The objectives of this paper are first to quantify the effects of the main forage systems and protein feeding level on the amount of N excreted in relationship to their simultaneous effects on animal performances an...

Investigations into the behavioural responses by ruminants to differences in their grazing environment have led to improved understanding of the grazing process. This has proved useful in developing management strategies which are not only sympathetic to the animals’ natural behaviour, but can improve the level and efficiency of resource use. The components of grazing behaviour considered are a...

The problem of allocating defensive weapon resources to hostile targets is an optimization problem of high military relevance. The need for obtaining the solutions in real-time is often overlooked in existing literature. Moreover, there does not exist much research aimed at comparing the performance of different algorithms for weapon-target allocation. We have implemented a suite of metaheurist...