Managing chronic disease is increasingly important in pediatric health care. In internal medicine, patient-reported, patient-important outcomes are a key part of assessment programs. pediatrics, there has been less focus on patient-reported outcomes. These more complex pediatrics because the utility may differ by age and, most cases, parent-reported also relevant. some instances, parents serve ...

BACKGROUND There is common belief among some medical researchers that if a potential surrogate endpoint is highly correlated with a true endpoint, then a positive (or negative) difference in potential surrogate endpoints between randomization groups would imply a positive (or negative) difference in unobserved true endpoints between randomization groups. We investigate this belief when the pote...

Introduction. Legionella is frequently detected in Dental Unit Waterlines (DUWLs). Although such a high occurrence is not necessarily associated with high risk for Legionnaire’s disease among patients and staff, it is prudent to monitor DUWLs for Legionella periodically. Since this procedure is long and expensive, surrogate markers are frequently

It is commonly believed that the correlations between stock returns increase in high volatility periods. We investigate how much of these correlations can be explained using conditional averages within a simple onefactor description. Using surrogate data with the true market return as the dominant factor, we show that most of these correlations can be accounted for. However, more subtle effects...

INTRODUCTION Falling is a frequent cause of serious injury in the older adult population and trips are a dominant cause of falls. Although there are few laboratory protocols that induce actual trips, there are many studies that utilize surrogate tasks. Performance of surrogate tasks require similar biomechanical characteristic stepping responses, but unlike a trip, these tasks do not involve an...

Background Ideally, decisions on the value of health technologies should be based on evidence from well-conducted clinical trials that assess clinically important final patientrelevant outcomes, such as mortality or impaired quality of life. Pressure to reduce the delay in the availability of technologies to patients has led to an increased reliance on the use of surrogate outcomes [1]. A key t...

The founding of new spin-off firms by entrepreneurial employees proposes a model of surrogate motherhood of network development. This paper suggests that the evolution of the network is constrained by previous relationships and designed within the parent firm's position in the industry boundaries.

Many complex networks demonstrate a phenomenon of striking degree correlations, i.e., a node tends to link to other nodes with similar (or dissimilar) degrees. From the perspective of degree correlations, this paper attempts to characterize topological structures of urban street networks. We adopted six urban street networks (three European and three North American), and converted them into net...

Commercial surrogate-motherhood contracts should be legally enforceable, despite the vociferous and prevalent opposition to them. We shall, in particular, argue here that they do not involve the commodification of children, nor in other ways are they contrary to the interests of the children concerned. Our case is developed in response to criticisms of arguments we have made before in defense o...