In adults and adolescents, proximal junctional failures above deformity constructs have been well established with different risk factors identified; however, the incidence, nature and clinical significance of this kyphosis remains unclear. Several reports in the literature have shed light on PJK in adults and adolescents with variable definition, incidence, prevalence, acuteness, risk factors,...

Hartmann’s procedure, first described by the French surgeon Henri Albert Hartmann in 1921, is one of the most commonly performed operations. This paper examines the history behind this operation and assesses its significance in modern surgical practice.