introduction: the pericranial flaps' benefits have been described in many otolaryngologic, maxillofacial and plastic surgery literature. the benefits ar e due to the pericranial flaps unique characteristics including good flexibility and mobility, very rich blood supply from several arterial sources and access to sufficient bulk of the flap without any need for distant surgical sites. usin...

one of the basic purposes in dental treatment is providing a painless treatment for patients. this purpose may be achieved by the application of laser in dentistry. low-level laser therapy (lllt) is an internationally accepted title for biomodulation with low-level lasers which we use to achieve ideal therapeutic effects. low-level laser therapy is a painless, reproducible, non-invasive, and wi...

the author studied anatomical variations of the origin of the chorda tympani nerve from the mastoid portion of the facial nerve. the studies were performed on 200 specimens of human temporal bone. it was found that the chorda tympani may arise from the facial nerve in three levels: most commonly from the mid third of its mastoid segment (70%), less commonly from the proximal third (20%), and ve...