In a statistical study of the decay of individual sunspots based on DPR data we find that the mean instantaneous area decay rate is related to the spot radius r and the maximal radius r0 as D = CD r/r0, CD = 32.0±0.26MSH/day. This implies that sunspots on the mean follow a parabolic decay law; the traditional linear decay law is excluded by the data. The validity of the Gnevyshev–Waldmeier rela...

Avian timing of reproduction is strongly affected by ambient temperature. Here we show that there is an additional effect of sunspots on laying date, from five long-term population studies of great and blue tits (Parus major and Cyanistes caeruleus), demonstrating for the first time that solar activity not only has an effect on population numbers but that it also affects the timing of animal be...

In the solar photosphere the magnetic field of magnetic elements and sunspots is known to expand with height. In the case of sunspots this expansion is known to be very rapid, with the field forming an almost horizontal canopy. In this contribution we present new results on the superpenumbral canopy of sunspots based on fits to Stokes I and V profiles of infrared spectral lines. The new models ...

R ecently there has been a renewed discussion in the literature about the determinants of bank runs. Two alternative theoretical explanations are usually provided. According to the first theory, bank runs are exclusively driven by changes in economic fundamentals, such as a deterioration in the return on investment. The second theory views bank runs as a consequence of the existence of multiple...

The present study is focused on European beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) growth in eastern Bohemia the Broumovské stěny National Nature Reserve, Czech Republic. objective of this research was to develop an evaluation radial relation solar activity (number sunspots), air temperature growing season, annual precipitation and pollution (SO2 depositions). highest positive significant correlation coeffici...

Sunspots are central to our understanding of solar (and stellar) magnetism in many respects. On the large scale, they link the magnetic field observable in the photosphere to the dynamo processes operating in the solar interior. Properly interpreting the constraints that sunspots impose on the dynamo process requires a detailed understanding of the processes involved in their formation, dynamic...

Records of sunspot and aurora observations in pre-telescopic historical documents can provide useful information about solar activity in the past. This is also true for extreme space weather events, as they may have been recorded as large sunspots observed by the naked eye or as low-latitude auroras. In this paper, we present the results of a comprehensive survey of records of sunspots and auro...

We show that extrinsic or non-fundamental uncertainty influences markets in a controlled environment. This work provides the first direct evidence of sunspot equilibria. These equilibria require a common understanding of the semantics of the sunspot variable, and they appear to be sensitive to the flow of information. Extrinsic uncertainty matters when information flows slowly, as in a call mar...

An understanding of the Ohl's Precursor Method, which is used to predict the upcoming sunspots activity, is presented by employing a simplified movable divided-blocks diagram. Using a new approach, the total number of sunspots in a solar cycle and the maximum averaged monthly sunspots number Rz(max) are both shown to be statistically related to the geomagnetic activity index in the prior solar ...

Recent satellite measurements of the solar total irradiance (S) indicate that on time scales of days to months the solar constant varies by a few tenths of a percent. The predominant part of these variations can be explained by blocking of the upward solar flux by sunspots. The observations are consistent with current theoretical models of energy storage in which the energy blocked by the sunsp...