It is well known that, given an endofunctor H on a category C, the initial (A+H−)-algebras (if existing), i.e., the algebras of (wellfounded) H-terms over different variable supplies A, give rise to a monad with substitution as the extension operation (the free monad induced by the functor H). Moss [17] and Aczel, Adámek, Milius and Velebil [2] have shown that a similar monad, which even enjoys...

This paper uses a natural experiment to estimate the differential impacts of counterfeiting on the sales of branded products of various quality levels under weak intellectual property rights. I collect new productline level panel data from Chinese shoe companies from 19932004. Exploiting the discontinuity of government enforcement efforts for the footwear sector in 1995 and the differences in a...

The λ-calculus with de Bruijn indices, called λdB, assembles each α-class of λ-terms into a unique term, using indices instead of variable names. Intersection types provide finitary type polymorphism satisfying important properties like principal typing, which allows the type system to include features such as data abstraction (modularity) and separate compilation. To be closer to computation a...

A series of telodendrimer (a linear polyethyelene glycol-block-dendritic oligo-cholic acid) have been synthesized via a bottom-up approach to optimize the hemocompatibility of the nanocarrier. Numbers of hydrophilic glycerol groups were introduced onto the polar surface of cholic acid to reduce the plasma membrane lytic activity of telodendrimers. An interesting result was observed: only an opt...

In recent years, there is in-creased awareness of con-scious consumers about the fact that foods they eat are related directly to their health. meat industry re-search and development, studies have accelerated formulate healthier products formulations using plant sources as additive, which also expected improve functional properties product. Pectin a water soluble fi-ber with structural com-ple...

Formal verification approaches that check software correctness against formal specifications have been shown to improve program dependability. Tools such as Specification Pattern System (SPS) and Property Specification (Prospec) support the generation of formal specifications. SPS has defined a set of patterns (common recurring properties) and scopes (system states over which a pattern must hol...

A previously reported diketopyrrolopyrrole (DPP)-phenyl copolymer is modified by adding methoxy or octyloxy side chains on the phenyl spacer. The influence of these alkoxy substitutions on the physical, opto-electronic properties, and photovoltaic performance were investigated. It was found that the altered physical properties correlated with an increase in chain flexibility. Well-defined oligo...