Paliperidone is an atypical antipsychotic medication commonly used to treat schizophrenia, schizoaffective disorder, and bipolar disorder. It a metabolite of risperidone has similar mechanism action, primarily blocking dopamine 2 receptors (D2 receptors) in the brain. various adverse effects, including extrapyramidal symptoms, weight gain, metabolic disturbances. Catatonia rare but severe side ...

Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome is a clinico-neuroradiologic diagnosis, with rapidly evolving neurologic condition, characterized by headache, confusion, altered mental status, seizures, cortical blindness, lethargy, stupor, and occasionally, focal neurological signs accompanied by a typical computed tomography or magnetic resonance imaging pattern. With early recognition and treat...

Neurological and psychiatric side effects of cimetidine are reviewed in 47 cases from the literature, and 3 further cases are described. Confusion, psychomotor restlessness, hallucinations and disorientation, stupor and coma were the main features; some had convulsions and a few exhibited focal neurological deficits or neuropathies. The signs appeared within 2 days in almost half of the patient...

Zolpidem is a non-benzodiazepine drug that has selectivity for the gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) receptors. We experienced paradoxical effect of zolpidem in a 48-year-old male patient with hypoxic-ischemic brain injury after cardiac arrest. The patient was in stupor and could not communicate. His Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) was E2M4V2 and Rancho Los Amigos (RLA) was grade III to IV. Zolpidem was ...

Catatonia, originally described by Karl Kahlbaum in 1874, may be regarded as a set of clinical features found in a subtype of schizophrenia, but the syndrome may also stem from organic causes including vascular parkinsonism, brain masses, globus pallidus lesions, metabolic derangements, and pharmacologic agents, especially first generation antipsychotics. Catatonia may include paratonia, waxy f...

Hepatic encephalopathy (HE) is a reversible syndrome of impaired brain function occurring in patients with advanced liver diseases. The precise pathophysiology of HE is still under discussion; the leading hypothesis focus on the role of neurotoxins, impaired neurotransmission due to metabolic changes in liver failure, changes in brain energy metabolism, systemic inflammatory response and altera...

Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome, also known as reversible posterior leukoencephalopathy syndrome or reversible posterior cerebral edema syndrome, is a recently described disorder of the cerebrovascular autoregulation systemwith multiple etiologies, most of which cause acute hypertension. Its clinical symptoms include headache, decreased alertness, mental abnormalities such as confu...

A retrospective examination of lethargic encephalitis finds many parallels with neuroleptic effects. The encephalitis, like the neuroleptics, produced an acute continuum of cognitive disorders from emotional indifference through apathy and onto a rousable stupor. It also produced similar acute dyskinesias, including akinesia, akathisia, dystonia, oculogyric crises, and tremors. The encephalitis...