The authors make a useful and original contribution to evaluating the impact of strengthened patent protection of pharmaceuticals on Canadian healthcare expenditures. This commentary argues that their second task - measuring the impact of strengthened patent protection on R&D spending in Canada - faces an insurmountable conceptual problem: Corporate decisions on the location of R&D activities b...

This paper presents the results of an experimental program conducted for evaluating the performance of corrosion damaged HSC beams strengthened with GFRP laminates. Five Beam specimens of size 150x250x3000 mm were caste and tested for the present investigation. One beam specimen was neither corroded nor strengthened to serve as reference. Two beams were corroded to serve as corroded control. A ...

Bounded Model Checking (BMC) is often able to handle thousands of system variables by encoding the system and its properties via symbolic formulas and using satisfiability (SAT) solvers for verification. To further ease the verification of state invariants, BMC is augmented with a general induction rule called k -induction; however, this sacrifices completeness. Invariant strengthening, a metho...

1.1 Notation. As Bourbaki intended, we let N denote the set of finite cardinals, {0, 1, 2, . . .}. Throughout this section, let F be a field. We shall write dim(V ) to denote the F-dimension of an F-module V . Throughout this section, let (Z,VZ,EZ,EZ ι,τ −→ VZ) be a finite (oriented) graph; here, Z is a finite set, VZ ⊆ Z, EZ = Z −VZ, and ι and τ are functions. Each e ∈ EZ has an associated pic...

By employing recent results (Lopez-Pamies, O., 2014, “Elastic Dielectric Composites: Theory and Application to Particle-Filled Ideal Dielectrics,” J. Mech. Phys. Solids, 64, p. 6182 and Spinelli, S. A., Lefèvre, V., and Lopez-Pamies, O., “Dielectric Elastomer Composites: A General Closed-Form Solution in the Small-Deformation Limit,” J. Mech. Phys. Solids, 83, pp. 263–284.) on the homogenizatio...

Electrical synapses are formed by gap junctions and permit electrical coupling, which shapes the synchrony of neuronal ensembles. Here, we provide a direct demonstration of receptor-mediated strengthening of electrical coupling in mammalian brain. Electrical coupling in the inferior olive of rats was strengthened by activation of NMDA-type glutamate receptors (NMDARs), which were found at synap...

Although core self-evaluations have been linked to higher job performance, research has shown variability in the strength of this relationship. We propose that high core self-evaluations are more likely to increase job performance for other-oriented employees, who tend to anticipate feelings of guilt and gratitude. We tested these hypotheses across 3 field studies using different operationaliza...

The strengthened discrete-time optimal projection equations (SDOPE) are presented in a form based on the delta operator. This form unifies discrete-time and continuous-time results. Based on this unification, recently established results and algorithms for finite and infinite-horizon fixed-order LQG compensation of discrete-time systems are carried over to the continuous-time case. The results ...

A new layered 4-node, 24-degrees of freedom rectangular composite plate element is developed in this paper for nonlinear finite element analyses of FRP-strengthened RC slabs. The layered approach is used to form an integrated plate element for modelling of concrete, FRP, adhesive layer and steel reinforcement with a perfect bond assumption between each layer. Timoshenko’s composite beam functio...

Unreinforced masonry (URM) walls strengthened with composites were tested to failure at a decommissioned building in St. Louis, Missouri. The walls were subjected to out-of-plane loading. Previous work on URM as well as reinforced masonry walls strengthened with FRP laminates has shown remarkable increases in capacity and ductility. However, most of this research work has been conducted in the ...