We develop a theory of stratified $LM$-filters which generalizes the theory of stratified $L$-filters. Our stratification condition explicitly depends on a suitable mapping between the lattices $L$ and $M$. If $L$ and $M$ are identical and the mapping is the identity mapping, then we obtain the theory of stratified $L$-filters. Based on the stratified $LM$-filters, a general theory of lattice-v...

Cold stratification is a requirement for seed dormancy breaking in many species, and thus it is one of the important factors for the regulation of timing of germination. However, few studies have examined the influence of various environmental conditions during cold stratification on subsequent germination, and no study has compared such effects on the performance of dormant versus non-dormant ...

Black walnut (Jug/am nigra L.) seeds are large and require stratification for germination. However, many seeds fail to germinate following stratification. Radiography can be used to select empty seeds, but cannot determine which full seeds will germinate. The objective of this study was to determine if any discrimination could bc achieved through use of nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectros...

The paired availability design for historical controls postulated four classes corresponding to the treatment (old or new) a participant would receive if arrival occurred during either of two time periods associated with different availabilities of treatment. These classes were later extended to other settings and called principal strata. Judea Pearl asks if principal stratification is a goal o...

BACKGROUND Risk stratification in medullary thyroid cancer (MTC) has traditionally relied on standardized anatomic staging systems that, despite providing valuable prognostic information, do not adequately predict the risk of persistent or recurrent disease. As dynamic risk stratification has been demonstrated to be clinically valuable in nonmedullary thyroid cancer, we adapted our response to ...

INTRODUCTION Pregnant women with thromboembolic diseases, previous thrombotic episodes or thrombophilia family history were supervised in a multidisciplinary Obstetrics/ Hematology consultation in Centro Hospitalar São João EPE, Porto, Portugal. For the evaluation and medication of these women, a risk stratification scale was used. PURPOSES The aim of this study was to validate a Risk Stratif...

Default logic (DL) (Reiter 1980) is one of the most prominent approaches to nonmonotonic reasoning. One of the main problems with its applicability is that it is computationally harder than classical logic (Gottlob 1992). (Cholewinski 1994,1995) introduced and studied stratification of default theories to increase the efficiency of default reasoning. The idea is to to split the knowledge into s...

Pearl (2011) invites researchers to contribute to a discussion on the logic and utility of principal stratification in causal inference, raising some thought-provoking questions. In our commentary, we discuss the role of principal stratification in causal inference, describing why we view the principal stratification framework as useful for addressing causal inference problems where causal esti...

In this paper we discuss field observations and modeling results examining the connection between flow-induced stratification and gravitational circulation. We present simultaneous ADCP and top and bottom salinity records collected by the USGS showing that density-driven flows are highly intermittent, with strong gravitational circulation accompanying stratification episodes. Tidal variations i...

Risk stratification for any disease is, in many ways, medicine’s attempt to predict the future. The challenges in risk stratification for sudden death, however, may be unparalleled in medicine. Although the many types of sudden death all present with similar phenotypes, risk stratification efforts generally center on the prediction of death resulting from either ischemic or arrhythmic events. T...