The causes of familial nephrotic syndromes are varied and diverse. Although phenotypic differences are seen with distinct congenital and adult forms, renal pathology tends to be less well defined, with blurring and overlap of diagnoses. Clinically, symptoms of the familial nephrotic syndromes may appear from birth to late in life, which demonstrates the heterogeneity of these diseases. The dise...

 Minimal Change Disease (MCD) is the leading cause of childhood Nephrotic Syndrome (NS). Therefore in pediatrics nephrotic syndrome, most children beyond the first year of life will be treated with corticosteroids without an initial biopsy. Children with NS often display a number of calcium homeostasis disturbances causing abnormal bone histology, including hypocalcemia, reduced serum vitamin D...