Abstract In this paper, we offer a descriptive theory of analogical reasoning in mathematics, stating general conditions under which an analogy may provide genuine inductive support to mathematical conjecture (over and above fulfilling the merely heuristic role ‘suggesting’ psychological sense). The proposed generalize criteria Hesse her influential work on empirical sciences. By reference seve...

As a result of the studies of Locke, Main, and Mellon (1938), Fox, German, and Janeway (1939), and others, and the chemical experiments of Shaffer (1939), all of whom have advocated the importance of the presence of oxygen and the formation of hydrogen peroxide as essential to the action of sulfanilamide, interest has developed as to whether sulfanilamide can exert its action on organisms in vi...

For 200 years, the 'closed box' analogy of intracranial pressure (ICP) has underpinned neurosurgery and neuro-critical care. Cushing conceptualised the Monro-Kellie doctrine stating that a change in blood, brain or CSF volume resulted in reciprocal changes in one or both of the other two. When not possible, attempts to increase a volume further increase ICP. On this doctrine's "truth or relativ...

With the 2012 election behind it and Speaker of the House stating that the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (“PPACA”) is the “law of the land,” the Obama Administration has pushed forward with health care reform by releasing new proposed regulations on November 20, 2012. The newly proposed regulations provide guidance on wellness program provisions under the PPACA, nondiscrimination f...

In Mongolian the subject of embedded object clauses can occur not only in the morphologically unmarked form, but also in the accusative. Sidestepping the question whether these NPs are raised to object position, we focus here on the conditions underlying this alternation. The results of two questionnaires indicate that the accusative is clearly preferred if the embedded subject is immediately p...

Aristotle’s aitiai (‘causes’) are middle terms in Aristotelian syllogisms. I argue that stating the aitia of a thing therefore amounts to re-describing this same an alternative and illuminating way. This, turn, means its really one under different descriptions. The purpose paper is show view implied by account explanation, it makes more sense than might expect.

We present a regularity lemma for Boolean functions f : {−1, 1}n → {−1, 1} based on noisy influence, a measure of how locally correlated f is with each input bit. We provide an application of the regularity lemma to weaken the conditions on the Majority is Stablest Theorem. We also prove a “homogenized” version stating that there is a set of input bits so that most restrictions of f on those bi...

ODRL is a popular XML-based language for stating the conditions under which resources can be accessed legitimately. The language is described in English and, as a result, agreements written in ODRL are open to interpretation. To address this problem, we propose a formal semantics for a representative fragment of the language. We use this semantics to determine precisely when a permission is imp...

Reputation systems appear to be inherently biased towards betterthan-average ratings. We explain this as a consequence of self-selection, where reviewers are drawn disproportionately from the subset of potential consumers favorably predisposed toward the resource. Inflated ratings tend to attract consumers with lower expected value, who have a greater chance of disappointment. Paradoxically, th...

A problem of concurrent system specification is studied. A functionally equivalent system is first specified, then a set of independent actions or abstract resources is devised, and, finally, this sequential system is transformed into an equivalent concurrent system. The method is based on the theory of path expressions. The notion of functional equivalence is formally defined and studied. Nece...