Simulium yahense black flies infected with microfilaria of Onchocerca volvulus were kept in a defined insectary environment in Liberia, West Africa. A daily sample of infected flies was dissected for larvae developing in the thoracic muscles and examined for growth in stadial development. Microfilariae ingested by black flies transformed to the L1 larval stage without molting. Successive larval...

background the presence of an infected family member significantly increases the risk of hbv transmission, but many socio-demographic and viral characteristics of family members affect the transmission rate. objectives in this study, we have used data mining techniques to investigate the impact of different variables in intrafamilial transmission of hbv infection. patients and methods demograph...

ABSTRACT During the last 60 years, thickness of Grel peatland deposits (Polish Inner Carpathians), was decreased twice: from about 7.4 m in 1962, to 3.9 2019. Pollen analyses peat performed 1962 (Koperowa 1962) and 2019 (this study) showed that have accumulated since Oldest Dryas Stadial up present day. Comparative analysis both palynological profiles carried out, which exhibits a high consiste...

During the last deglaciation abrupt millennial-scale perturbations of Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation massively altered interhemispheric heat distribution affecting, for example, continental ice volume and hydroclimate. If how related cross-equatorial transport was controlled by interplay between southward-flowing Brazil Current (BC) northward-flowing North (NBC) remains controversi...

The objective of this work is to present a first assessment on the age glacial features Serra da Estrela, in central Portugal, Iberian Peninsula (40°19? N, 7°37? W, 1993 m), using Cosmic-Ray Exposure dating (in situ cosmogenic 36Cl). A total 6 samples were dated, 4 extracted from exposed moraine boulders and 2 glacially polished bedrock surfaces. Despite low number samples, results are consiste...

Abstract The position of the Banwell Bone Cave mammal assemblage zone (MAZ) in mammalian biostratigraphy British Isles has been focus debate for decades. Dominated by fauna typical cold environments it was originally linked to marine oxygen isotope stage (MIS) 4 stadial (ca. 72–59 ka). Subsequently argued that MAZ more likely relates temperate interstadial MIS 5a 86–72 It is envisioned “cold fa...

using new approaches to optimize the process of power transmission line routing can solve many complex problems which power transmission line routing decision-makers are faced. due to the expansion of involved parameters we can consider multi-objective evolutionary algorithms as appropriate method in this area. in this thesis with using multi-objective evolutionary algorithms nsga-ii and offere...

introduction hepatitis b infection remains a major health problem worldwide and is an important cause of morbidity and mortality. since it is transmitted parenterally, investigation of new cases of hepatitis b infections for potential routes of transmission plays a crucial role in controlling hepatitis b infection in the community. case presentation in this study, we reported a new case of hepa...

poliomyelitis (polio) is a highly infectious viral disease, which mainly affects young children. the virus is transmitted by person-to-person spread mainly through the faecal-oral route or, less frequently, by a common vehicle (e.g. contaminated water or food) and multiplies in the intestine, from where it can invade the nervous system and can cause paralysis. initial symptoms of polio include ...