صخلملا A total of 48 fresh water fishes, belonging to four species of the family Cyprinidae (Capoeta trutta, Chalcalburnus mossulensis, Cyprinion macrostomum and Leuciscus lepidus) were collected from Darbandikhan lake, southwest Sulaimaniya city, Kurdistan region, in the north of Iraq, from March to the end of July 2008. The inspection of gills revealed the infection of these fishes with four ...

ش ي ر ي ن ي فسو ي نا 1 (M.Sc) ، س ي د ما ي د انعر يي س ي تدا 1 (Ph.D) ، ونهد ناسحا ي 1 و 2 (Ph.D) ، قتدمحم ي جرب ي نا ـنجورب ي 1 (M.Sc) زاـنرف ن ي دازك نانمج ي 1 و 3 (M.Sc) 1 هاگشناد هش ي د تشهب ي ، هدكشناد ي سدنهم ي ژرنا ي روانف و ي اه ي ون ي ،ن امزآ ي هاگش بونان ي ژولونكتو ي ، ب هورگ ي ژولونكتو ي 2 هاگشناد برت ي ت هدكشناد ،سردم ي ز مولع ي تس ي 3 هاگشناد ملا...

background and objectives: resistance in mycobacterium tuberculosis is caused by mutations in genes encoding drug targets. investigators have already demonstrated the existence of mutations in codons 88 to 94 in the gyra gene and also in codons 1400, 1401, and 1483 of rrs gene among extensively and extremely drug resistant tuberculosis (xdr & xxdr-tb) strains. the aim of this study was to ident...

conclusions this study demonstrated the specificity and sensitivity of the pcr-sscp method for finding mutations in the gyra gene. due to the sensitivity of most isolates to ciprofloxacin, this antibiotic should be considered an appropriate drug for the treatment of related diseases. background during the past several years, nontuberculous mycobacteria (ntm) have been reported as some of the mo...