1 Basic Probability Probability theory begins with three basic components. The set of all possible outcomes, denoted Ω. The collection of all sets of outcomes (events), denoted A. And a probability measure P. Specification of the triple (Ω,A,P) defines the probability space which models a real-world measurement or experimental process. Example 1 Ω = {all outcomes of the roll of a die} = {1, 2, ...

I argue that, according to ordinary morality, there is moral inertia, that is, moral pressure to fail to intervene in certain circumstances. Moral inertia is manifested in scenarios with a particular causal structure: deflection scenarios, where a threatening or benefiting process is diverted from a group of people to another. I explain why the deflection structure is essential for moral inerti...

Statistics can broadly be defined as the science of decision-making in the face of (random) uncertainty. Gambling has the same definition, except in the narrower domain of a gambler making decisions that affect his fortune in games of chance. It is hardly surprising, then, that the two subjects are closely related. Indeed, if the definitions of “game”, “decision”, and “fortune” in the context o...

Kurzfassung. Für die Diagnose krankhafter Veränderungen der Netzhaut ist die Bestimmung des Durchmessers der retinalen Blutgefäße sehr wichtig. Dieser Artikel befasst sich mit der automatischen Bestimmung des Gefäßdurchmessers im Subpixelbereich. Dieses Verfahren stützt sich dabei auf ein zweidimensionales Gefäßmodell. Der Vergleich mit existierenden Algorithmen zeigt, dass die neue Methode zu ...

In mechanical engineering and architecture, structural elements with low material consumption and high loadbearing capabilities are essential for light-weight and even self-supporting constructions. This paper deals with so called point-folding elements – non-planar, pyramidal panels, usually formed from thin metal sheets, which exploit the increased structural capabilities emerging from folds ...

Prediction of the deformation characteristics is an important step to understand the workability of alloys during imposing large strains. In this research, severe plastic deformation of Sn-5Sb solder alloy was carried out under different t deformation conditions, including the temperature range of 298, 330, 36, 400 K and die designs. The current study applies an experimentally validated finite ...