STUDY DESIGN The study retrospectively investigated 15 cases with multilevel noncontiguous spinal fractures (MNSF). PURPOSE To clarify the evaluation of true diagnosis and to plane the surgical treatment. OVERVIEW OF LITERATURE MNSF are defined as fractures of the vertebral column at more than one level. High-energy injuries caused MNSF, with an incidence ranging from 1.6% to 16.7%. MNSF ma...

Chen, Xiang Yang and Jonathan R. Wolpaw. Dorsal column Wolpaw 1995a,b, 1996). Motivated by a paradigm in which but not lateral column transection prevents down-conditioning of reward depends on reflex amplitude, both primates and rats H reflex in rats. J. Neurophysiol. 78: 1730–1734, 1997. Operant can gradually increase or decrease the SSR or the H reflex. conditioning of the H reflex, the elec...

Spondylitis is a reemerging epidemic spinal infection in male broiler chickens (5 to 7 weeks of age) as well as broiler breeder roosters (15 to 18 weeks of age). Among various causative agents, Enterococcus species and in particular E. cecorum, a gram-positive bacterium as a gastrointestinal flora of birds, have mostly been isolated. On late September 2015, a number of 10 week...

background: arachnoid cysts are cerebrospinal fluid (csf) fluid-filled sacs that are located between the brain and spinal cord. spinal column arachnoid cysts are rare and mostly asymptomatic, being mostly located in intradural regions. we reported a patient who presented with neurological deficits and mid-thoracic extradural arachnoid cyst treated with en-bloc resection. case presentation: pati...

The spinal column is involved in less than 1% of all cases of tuberculosis (TB). Spinal TB is a very dangerous type of skeletal TB as it can be associated with neurologic deficit due to compression of adjacent neural structures and significant spinal deformity. Therefore, early diagnosis and management of spinal TB has special importance in preventing these serious complications. In order to ex...

The upper cervical esophagus is exerted on swallowing and peristalsis by somatic and visceral motoneurons, whereas the lower esophagus is exerted on only peristalsis by visceral motoneurons. We examined the origin of the esophageal motoneurons and whether there were any differences between the distributions of the upper and the lower esophageal motoneurons in the medulla and the spinal cord usi...

Degenerative diseases of the vertebral column are mainly combined with misalignments of the intervertebral discs and deformations of the spinal cord. For the investigation of severe spinal stenosis and herniated intervertebral discs x–ray myelography is required providing important functional information about the motion of vertebral segments. Avoid this time–consuming procedure and the injecti...

Stimulation of different spinal cord segments in humans is a widely developed clinical practice for modification of pain, altered sensation, and movement. The human lumbar cord has become a target for modification of motor control by epidural and, more recently, by transcutaneous spinal cord stimulation. Posterior columns of the lumbar spinal cord represent a vertical system of axons and when a...

Motor neurons that control limb movements are organized as a neuronal nucleus in the developing ventral horn of the spinal cord called the lateral motor column. Neuronal migration segregates motor neurons into distinct lateral and medial divisions within the lateral motor column that project axons to dorsal or ventral limb targets, respectively. This migratory phase is followed by an aggregatio...