We use the Medical Expenditure Panel Survey to estimate the direct medical costs of diabetes. Separate estimates of the cost of diabetes are developed from an attributable risk procedure and a two-part regression model. Costs include expenditures to treat diabetes, chronic complications of the disease, and co-morbidities requiring additional health care resources because the person is diabetic....

CONTEXT Nearly half of all pregnancies in the United States are unintended. These pregnancies likely represent a substantial cost to taxpayers, but national-level estimates of these public costs have been lacking. METHODS Taxpayer spending on unintended pregnancy is measured by multiplying estimates of the 2001 incidence of publicly financed unintended pregnancy outcomes (abortions, fetal los...

The mission of microfinance institutions (MFIs) is two-fold, serving poor clients and financial sustainability. Yet, there is a concern that MFIs have prioritized financial objectives over outreach objectives by adopting characteristics of commercialized capital structure. A growing number of MFIs have transformed their capital structure from donations and concessional loans to a structure that...

The article is devoted to the characteristics of environmental investments in Russian Federation, which are divided into two types: first aimed at development and implementation environmentally friendly production technologies; second directed commissioning protection nature-cleaning fixed assets. Investments type considered more detail. data modern statistics show reduction organizations with ...

The basic idea is to excise the bitcoin money generation formula, and otherwise apply bitcoin essentially “as is” over digital coins which are redeemable by the mint that minted them. This will preserve the bitcoin assured anonymity. The new bitcoin.BitMint solution will benefit from bitcoin’s double-spending prevention, and would otherwise enjoy all the benefits associated with money in a digi...

Security: Forging paper currency is difficult. Unfortunately, electronic currency is just data and is easily copied. Copying or double spending of electronic currency should be prevented or detected. Ideally the illegal creation, copying, and reuse of electronic cash should be unconditionally or computationally impossible. Some systems rely instead on post-fact detection and punishment of doubl...

Over the past thirty years, health expenditure has grown at a faster rate than the economy in almost every OECD country. The main drivers of public health spending are income growth, insurance coverage, demographics, and, above all, technological change. According to the projections of the major international institutions (European Commission, OECD, International Monetary Fund), public health s...

Health is a necessity for human well-being and productive. Hence, access to healthcare when needed considered by many be basic right. Therefore, it important invest in health financing ensure future needs, such as medical expenses. The current study aims investigate the factors that influence employee spending on public private sectors Malaysia. Further, we also examine whether intention spend ...

Purpose: The current study aims at examining the reality of bank credit, analyzing, and estimating investment public spending in Iraq. research also showing impact credit on Iraq.
 Theoretical framework: Bank has an instrumental effective part financing most economic activities, which contributes to revitalizing national economy by organizing developing short, medium long-term mechanisms. ...