5 Silicon photodiodes are semiconductor devices responsive to highenergy particles and photons. Photodiodes operate by absorption of photons or charged particles and generate a flow of current in an external circuit, proportional to the incident power. Photodiodes can be used to detect the presence or absence of minute quantities of light and can be calibrated for extremely accurate measurement...

Recent developments in instrumentation and bioinformatics show that the technique of synchrotron radiation circular dichroism spectroscopy can provide novel information on protein secondary structures and folding motifs, and has the potential to play an important role in structural genomics studies, both as a means of target selection and as a high-throughput, low-sample-requiring screening met...

This paper describes several approaches to analyzing the frequency, or pitch, content of the sounds produced by musical instruments. The classic method, using Fourier analysis, identifies fundamentals and overtones of individual notes. A second method, using spectrograms, analyzes the changes in fundamentals and overtones over time as several notes are played. Spectrograms produce a time-freque...

This study assessed the potential of near infrared (NIR) spectroscopy as a non-destructive method for characterizing Protected Designation of Origin (PDO) "Vinagres de Montilla-Moriles" wine vinegars and for classifying them as a function of the manufacturing process used. Three spectrophotometers were evaluated for this purpose: two monochromator instruments (Foss NIRSystems 6500 SY-I and Foss...

Background Circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopy has been employed for more than 50 years for the study of the structure and dynamics of proteins. It is now a workhorse of structural biology, finding applications in the determination of protein secondary structures, monitoring and deciphering protein folding, examining macromolecular interactions, and defining and quantitating protein-ligand bin...

Introduction: Micro-Raman spectroscopy is one of the primary methods of mineralogical analysis in the laboratory, and more recently in the field. Because of its versatility and ability to interrogate rocks in their natural form (Figure 1), it is one of the frontrunners for the next generation of in situ instruments designed to explore adiverse set of solar system bodies (e.g. Mars, Venus, the M...

Imaging spectroscopy is a powerful, non-destructive mineralogic tool that provides insights into a variety of geological processes. This remote measurement technique has been used for decades from orbital or aerial platforms to characterize surface compositions of Earth and other solar system bodies. These instruments have now been miniaturized for use in the laboratory and field, thereby enabl...

We propose a novel multivariate Monte Carlo method as an efficient and flexible approach to analyzing extended X-ray sources with the Reflection Grating Spectrometer (RGS) on XMM Newton. A multi-dimensional interpolation method is used to efficiently calculate the response function for the RGS in conjunction with an arbitrary spatially-varying spectral model. Several methods of event comparison...

In this paper the optical data of the ESO Deep-Public-Survey observed with the Wide Field Imager and reduced with the THELI pipeline (Erben et al. 2005) are presented. These images are publicly released to the community. Our main scientific goals with this survey are to study the high-redshift universe by optically pre-selecting high-redshift objects from imaging data and to use VLT instruments...