parasitoids of the genus, trichogramma are the most widely used natural enemies for biological control of pests worldwide. the presence of flowering plants can improve efficiency of biological control agents by supplying sugar resource for parasitoids. in this study, two experiments were performed under laboratory condition (at 25±1ºc, 60±10% rh and a photoperiod 16l:8d), to evaluate the effect...

Cotesia congregata polydnavirus (CcPDV) is essential for successful parasitism of Manduca sexta larvae by the braconid wasp Cotesia congregata. To determine the molecular mechanisms for the vertical transmission of CcPDV in the wasps, we analysed the different forms of the virus sequences containing the gene encoding the early parasitism-specific protein 1 (EP1). By a detailed molecular analysi...

When multiple species of host-specific natural enemies from the same feeding guild are introduced to areas against a target pest, strong interspecific competition is likely and may compromise biocontrol unless agents effectively partition available resources. Here, we evaluate if two parasitoids (Spathius galinae Tetrastichus planipennisi), for invasive emerald ash borer (EAB), Agrilus planipen...

This article explores the processes of form making, which relate to design overall shape and mass, volume a building or group buildings, usually carried out in early stages architectural process. They involve creation physical digital models that are used explore different options for forming iterations them. Architects use number specific making techniques, divided into types subtypes accordin...

Parasitic relationships between Neotropical bats and their ectoparasites are not well known, even though parasitism is one of the factors that can affect fitness a host population. This study characterized parasite-host in relation to sex, age, body size reproductive status population Anoura geoffroyi using indices Prevalence, Mean Intensity Abundance. Total prevalence for 93 sampled was 94.6%....

Brown-headed cowbirds (Molothrus ater) are obligate brood-parasites, that is, female cowbirds lay their eggs in nests of other species. If the cowbird eggs are accepted, the host pair may raise the young cowbird, often at a reduction of the hosts’ reproductive success. Cowbird females are also known to remove host eggs and nestlings from nests, which may also affect the reproductive success of ...

A genetic analysis of parasitic ability in the soybean cyst nematode Heterodera glycines was performed. To identify and characterize genes involved in parasitism, we developed three highly inbred H. glycines lines, OP20, OP25 and OP50, for use as parents for controlled crosses. Through these crosses, we have identified genes in the inbred parents that control reproduction of the nematode on hos...

Brood parasites can appreciably decrease fecundity of susceptible songbird hosts, which can often cause a decrease in host abundance. Wildlife managers use brown-headed cowbird (Molothrus ater) management to reduce parasitism frequency and benefit the conservation of the endangered black-capped vireo (Vireo atricapilla); however, intensity of management needed to increase vireo abundance is not...

Parasitism, and gastrointestinal nematode parasitism in particular, is arguably the most serious constraint affecting ruminant production world-wide. Economic losses are caused by decreased production, cost of prophylaxis, cost of treatment, and the death of infected animals. It is difficult by any form of major survey or other estimation to establish precise figures on losses incurred in produ...

*Correspondence: Raine Kortet, Department of Biology, University of Eastern Finland, Yliopistokatu 7, PO Box 111, FI-80101 Joensuu, Finland e-mail: [email protected] Animals are often individually consistent in their behavior, not only over time, but also across different functional contexts. Recent research has focused on phenotypic and evolutionary mechanisms explaining such personality dif...