This book is aimed at trainee paediatricians and radiologists preparing for membership and fellowship examinations. It is written by 4 consultant radiologists and 1 consultant paediatrician. It opens with 8 short chapters outlining a system of image interpretation for the chest radiograph, a brief explanation of renal nuclear medicine, an example of normal fluoroscopy of the upper GI tract and ...

surgery perhaps being one exception because it may require greater physical strength than most women possess; on the other hand, women are perhaps better suited than men to some specialties such as family planning. Most women marry within two years of qualifying as a doctor and most have a family. Their problems arise partly from living in a country which provides far less support than many oth...

The Bureau of Osteopathic Specialists continually assesses the skills of osteopathic physician specialists in response to the growth of specialization in the osteopathic medical profession. Most recently, the Bureau has mandated that all osteopathic specialty certifying boards fully implement Osteopathic Continuous Certification no later than January 1, 2013. The authors discuss communication e...

Medicines constitute a substantial proportion of out-of-pocket (OOP) expenses in Indian households. In order to address this issue, the Government of India launched the Jan Aushadhi (Medicine for the Masses) Scheme (JAS) to provide cheap generic medicines to the patients (http://janaushadhi.gov.in/about_jan_aushadhi.html). These medicines are provided through the Jan Aushadhi stores established...

BACKGROUND Drugs are most typically defined as specialty because they are expensive; however, other criteria used to define a drug as specialty include biologic drugs, the need to inject or infuse the drug, the requirement for special handling, or drug availability only via a limited distribution network. Specialty drugs play an increasingly important role in the treatment of chronic conditions...

OBJECTIVES Although poor reproductive health constitutes a significant proportion of the disease burden in developing countries, essential medicines for reproductive health are often not available to the population. The objective was to analyze the guiding principles for developing national Essential Medicines Lists (EML). The second objective was to compare the reproductive health medicines in...

PURPOSE To investigate the use of the WHO EML as a tool with which to evaluate the evidence base for the medicines on the national insurance coverage list of the Croatian Institute of Health Insurance (CIHI). METHODS Medicines from 9 ATC categories with highest expenditures from 2012 CIHI Basic List (n = 509) were compared with 2011 WHO EML for adults (n = 359). For medicines with specific in...

AIM Diabetes is a growing burden especially in low and middle income countries (LMICs). Inadequate access to diabetes care is of particular concern and selection of appropriate diabetes medicines on national essential medicines lists (NEMLs) is a first step in achieving adequate access. This selection was studied among LMICs and influences of various factors associated with selection decisions ...

BACKGROUND Because of the unique features of specialty pharmaceuticals and insurance plans, specialty pharmaceutical products can be paid through the pharmacy benefit or the medical benefit. While most pharmacists are very comfortable with the conventions of reimbursement in the pharmacy benefit, they are less familiar with the processes for payment in the medical benefit. OBJECTIVE To review...