Pseudoproxy experiments (PPEs) have become an important framework for evaluating paleoclimate reconstruction methods. Most existing PPE studies assume constant proxy availability through time and uniform proxy quality across the pseudoproxy network. Real multiproxy networks are, however, marked by pronounced disparities in proxy quality, and a steep decline in proxy availability back in time, e...

Spatial navigation is a skill of determining and maintaining a trajectory from one place to another. Mild progressive decline of spatial navigation develops gradually during the course of physiological ageing. Nevertheless, severe spatial navigation deficit can be the first sign of incipient Alzheimer's disease (AD), occurring in the stage of mild cognitive impairment (MCI), preceding the devel...

To learn to read is to acquire a visual language skill that systematically maps onto extant spoken language skills. Some children perform this task quite adeptly, while others encounter much difficulty, and it has become a question of both scientific and practical merit to ask why there exists such a range of success in learning to read. Obviously, learning to read places a complex burden on ma...

While the need for hierarchies within control systems is apparent, it is also clear to many researchers that such hierarchies should be learned. Learning both the structure and the component behaviors is a diicult task. The beneet of learning the hierarchical structures of behaviors is that the decomposition of the control structure into smaller transportable chunks allows previously learned kn...

Behavioral studies have shown that spatial skills, such as mental rotation, are correlated with preferences for certain types of spatial information. To be more specific, better mental rotation is associated with a preference for survey (maplike) spatial information relative to route (landmark or wayfinding) information. Functional MRI was used to investigate how individual differences in spati...

background and purpose: clinical competence has four essential components: knowledge , physical exam , problem solving and communication skill .the communication skill isn’t an optional extra in medical training but it is a core clinical skill. this study is performed in order to determine whether communication skill training for internal medicine and infectious disease residents improves their...

Human vision is extremely sensitive to equidistance of spatial intervals in the frontal plane. Thresholds for spatial equidistance have been extensively measured in bisecting tasks. Despite the vast number of studies, the informational basis for equidistance perception is unknown. There are three possible sources of information for spatial equidistance in pictures, namely, distances in the pict...

objectives: a large number of congenitally deaf children are born annually. if not treated, this will have destructive effects on their language and speech development, educational achievements and future occupation. in this study it has been tried to determine the level of language skills in children with cochlear implants (ci) in comparison with normal hearing (nh) age-mates. methods: test of...