Brown-headed cowbirds (Molothrus ater) are obligate brood parasites. Only females search for host nests and they find host nests one or more days before placing eggs in them. Past work has shown that females have a larger hippocampus than males, but sex differences in spatial cognition have not been extensively investigated. We tested cowbirds for sex and seasonal differences in spatial memory ...

This paper gives an overview on the epidemiology of social phobia. About 4.5% of the adult general populations suffer from social phobia, i.e. it is the most frequent of all anxiety disorders. Social phobia is clearly more frequent among women than among men. About the half of all individuals with social phobia suffer from any comorbid mental disorders. Reviews show a large variability between ...

Sex differences are frequently, however, not consistently found in the domain of spatial navigation in mammalian species. Using a virtual Morris water task (VMWT) we tested the hypothesis that differential use of proximal and distal cues between males and females could account for previously observed human differences. In Astur, Ortiz, and Sutherland (1998) males had faster swim latencies to a ...

This study used computer-generated (“virtual”) mazes to investigate sex differences in the efficiency of spatial route learning in humans. Correlations between maze performance and traditional psychometric measures of spatial ability also were examined. Male and female subjects completed a total of five learning trials on each of two spatial mazes and completed a battery of spatial and verbal c...

In reporting Implicit Association Test (IAT) results, researchers have most often used scoring conventions described in the first publication of the IAT (A. G. Greenwald, D. E. McGhee, & J. L. K. Schwartz, 1998). Demonstration IATs available on the Internet have produced large data sets that were used in the current article to evaluate alternative scoring procedures. Candidate new algorithms we...

Social disturbances are common in schizophrenia and can be quite severe, significantly affecting functioning in a variety of ways. Yet the kinds of social disruptions experienced by persons with schizophrenia show a great deal of variability and are difficult to explain with available data. This article considers the variety of intersubjective disturbances that can occur in schizophrenia from a...

This longitudinal observational study investigated whether fetuses change their hand preference with gestational age, and also examined the effects of maternal stress on lateralized fetal self-touch. Following ethical approval, fifteen healthy fetuses (8 girls and 7 boys), were scanned four times from 24-36 weeks gestation. Self-touch behaviours which resulted in a touch of the fetal face/head ...

Purpose: To describe the typical course of phonological acquisition in Brazilian Portuguese, in view of clinical usage. Methods: A picture naming test was used to collect speech samples from 480 children (240 female and 240 male) enrolled in public and private schools in the city of Rio de Janeiro, who were divided into five age groups between 3 and 8 years. Three types of analyses were conduct...

Background: The evaluation of the soft tissue facial profile is essential to achieve facial harmony in orthodontic diagnosis and treatment planning. Objectives: This study aimed to develop soft tissue angular photogrammetric norms for a sample of Iranian population. Patients and Methods: Standardized profile photographic records were taken from 34 men and 37 women. Twelve measurements were anal...

The present study assessed the spatial abilities of male and female human participants using different versions of the non-navigational Corsi block-tapping test (CBT) and a search task. Males performed significantly better than females on the standard manual version of the CBT; however, the standard CBT does not allow discrimination between spatial memory span and the role of spatial organisati...