The injection of gas in a liquid-saturated granular bed gives rise to a wide variety of invasion patterns. Many studies have focused on constrained porous media, in which the grains are fixed in the bed and only the interstitial fluid flows when the gas invades the system. With a free upper boundary, however, the grains can be entrained by the ascending gas or fluid motion, and the competition ...

The possibility of understanding natural processes leading to explosive events in volcanic systems provides advantages for a better management of possible volcanic crises. On account of the possibility of the occurrence of other phenomena, such as tsunamis, the explosions driven by submarine volcanic systems are of particular interest, although little investigated. The recent sudden increase in...

The Ordovician global cooling trend observed by several temperature proxies, which coincides with one of the most significant evolutionary diversifications on Earth, is yet to be fully understood. This study presents new simulations pCO2 and surface temperatures using a spatially resolved climate-carbon cycle Earth system model fed refined continental reconstructions estimates solid degassing. ...