A general class of nonadditive sticky-hard-sphere binary mixtures, where small and large spheres represent the solvent and the solute, respectively, is introduced. The solute-solute and solvent-solvent interactions are of hard-sphere type, while the solute-solvent interactions are of sticky-hard-sphere type with tunable degrees of size nonadditivity and stickiness. Two particular and complement...

The current concept of fluid transport in vertebrates is that water moves passively down the osmotic gradient created by an active transport of solute. Earlier suggestions that these tissues could transport water in the absence of a concomitant movement of solute have been rejected (Curran, 1965; Diamond, 1965; Robinson, 1965, 1966). Interest is now focused on the mechanism by which water movem...

The solute-solvent interface that separates biological molecules from their surrounding aqueous solvent characterizes the conformation and dynamics of such molecules. In this work, we construct a solvent fluid dielectric boundary model for the solvation of charged molecules and apply it to study the stability of a model cylindrical solute-solvent interface. The motion of the solute-solvent inte...

The two aqueous phases extraction process is widely used in environmental clean up of industrial effluents and fine chemical products for their reuse. This process can be made by cloud point of polyethoxylated alcohols and micellar solubilization phenomenon. It is commonly called "coacervate extraction" and is used, in our case, for humic acid extraction from aqueous solution at 100mg/L. The su...

Natural-abundance 3C nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy was used to study the patterns of accumulation of osmotically active internal solutes in five different fungi. Four xerophilic fungi (Penicillium janczewskii, Eurotium chevalieri, Xeromyces bisporus and Wallemia sebi), and one non-xerophilic fungal species ( P . digitatum) were grown at three different water activities (a,) on media c...

A mathematical model of an absorbing leaky epithelium is developed for analysis of solute coupled water transport. The non-charged driving solute diffuses into cells and is pumped from cells into the lateral intercellular space (lis). All membranes contain water channels with the solute passing those of tight junction and interspace basement membrane by convection-diffusion. With solute permeab...

A theoretical framework for solute flux through spatially nonstationary flows in porous media is presented. The flow nonstationarity may stem from medium nonstationarity (e.g., the presence of distinct geological layers, zones, or facies), finite domain boundaries, and/or fluid pumping and injecting. This work provides an approach for studying solute transport in multiscale media, where random ...

Nutrient uptake by a primitive cell would have been limited by the permeability characteristics of its membrane. We measured the permeabilities of model protocellular membranes to water, five of the six pentoses, and selected aldohexoses, ketohexoses, and three to six carbon alditols by following volume changes of vesicles after the addition of solute to the external medium. Solute hydrophobici...

NaCl, KCl, and sucrose at equiosmolar concentrations had similar inhibitory effects on photosynthetic carbon metabolism by the freshwater green alga, Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. Inhibitory concentrations of these solutes altered the products of photosynthetic (14)CO(2) incorporation, resulting in reduced incorporation into starch, sugar phosphates, lactate, and glycolate, but caused an accumulat...

Fiji’s agricultural sector, and within it, the sugar industry, has been the driving force behind the country’s development. The sugar industry, however, is facing a number of challenges of which production efficiency is one of them. This paper examines farm productivity, efficiency and profitability in the industry. It suggests that without improving farm level efficiency and productivity the i...